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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.11812

CaseLaw: A Policy-Decoupled Framework for Training-Free Content Moderation

Qi Lu, Sen Li, Likun Shi, Xiaolong Jiang

原文摘要

Content moderation is inherently policy-dependent: moderation boundaries are often subtle, subjective, and frequently updated, while conventional rule based or fine-tuning based systems require costly rule rewriting, model retraining, or system redeployment. We propose CaseLaw, a policy-decoupled and training-free framework for adaptive content moderation. CaseLaw reformulates moderation as precedent-based retrieval and voting, where multimodal content is transformed into evidence-preserved structured semantics, embedded into a stable semantic space, and classified by thresholded voting over retrieved precedent labels. We train NoteCap on a large-scale corpus of structurally annotated notes to ensure consistent semantic extraction and freeze it during subsequent policy adaptation, which requires no additional training. Policy adaptation is achieved by updating the semantic case library, including case labels and mappings, without retraining models or modifying prompts. To evaluate CaseLaw, we construct MFO-RedNotes, a benchmark for the male-female opposition risk domain. We additionally provide a five category CoPro comparison. Experiments show that CaseLaw consistently outperforms competing baselines in both precision and recall across policy-dependent risk levels and broader safety categories, with category-wise precision/recall reaching up to 86.8%/90.1% on MFO-RedNotes across both policy settings and 94.5%/92.3% on CoPro. Our work highlights the potential of precedent-based reasoning for policy adaptive content moderation and offers a practical direction toward more stable, transparent, and training-free moderation systems.

cs.CL

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1077ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

TED-TTS: Training-Free Intra-Utterance Emotion and Duration Control for Text-to-Speech Synthesis

Qifan Liang, Yuansen Liu, Ruixin Wei national university of singaore, National University of Singapore, Nan Lu, Junchuan Zhao, Ye Wang

原文摘要

While controllable Text-to-Speech (TTS) has achieved notable progress, most existing methods remain limited to inter-utterance-level control, making fine-grained intra-utterance expression challenging due to their reliance on non-public datasets or complex multi-stage training. In this paper, we propose TED-TTS, a training-free controllable framework for pretrained zero-shot TTS to enable intra-utterance emotion and duration expression. Specifically, we propose a segment-aware emotion conditioning strategy that combines causal masking with monotonic stream alignment filtering to isolate emotion conditioning and schedule mask transitions, enabling smooth intra-utterance emotion shifts while preserving global semantic coherence. Based on this, we further propose a segment-aware duration steering strategy to combine local duration embedding steering with global EOS logit modulation, allowing local duration adjustment while ensuring globally consistent termination. To eliminate the need for segment-level manual prompt engineering, we construct a 30,000-sample multi-emotion and duration-annotated text dataset to enable LLM-based automatic prompt construction. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our training-free method not only achieves state-of-the-art intra-utterance consistency in multi-emotion and duration control, but also maintains baseline-level speech quality of the underlying TTS model. Audio samples are available at https://aclanonymous111.github.io/TED-TTS-DemoPage/.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1476ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

GQLBench: A Large-Scale Cross-Domain, Cross-Dialect Benchmark for NL2GQL

Yanning Su Fudan University, Yuhang Zhou, Yang Fang, Sen Liu Fudan University, Guangnan Ye Fudan University, Hongfeng Chai Fudan University

原文摘要

Despite growing interest in NL2GQL, benchmarking progress has been constrained by the lack of resources that are simultaneously large-scale, cross-domain, and cross-dialect. To address this gap, we present GQLBench, a new benchmark built through an automated and scalable framework that integrates NL2SQL-to-NL2GQL conversion with graph-native data generation. GQLBench supports execution-based evaluation on both Cypher and ISO-GQL, covering hundreds of graph databases and over 20k natural language questions for each dialect. By combining converted data from mature NL2SQL resources with synthetic graph-specific queries, it captures both schema diversity from real-world relational sources and graph-native reasoning challenges, including long paths and cycles. Beyond overall performance comparison, GQLBench also enables fine-grained evaluation across dialects, graph patterns, and query complexity. Experiments on advanced LLMs show that even strong proprietary models struggle on GQLBench, with gemini-3-flash achieving only 35.40% average execution accuracy across the two dialects. Our data and code are available at https://github.com/qxssadf/GQLBench.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

记录更新 · 记录 #2ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1698ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Reasoning Hijacking: The Fragility of Reasoning Alignment in Large Language Models

Yuansen Liu, Yixuan Tang National University of Singapore, Anthony Kum Hoe Tung National University of Singapore

原文摘要

Current LLM safety research predominantly focuses on mitigating Goal Hijacking, preventing attackers from redirecting a model’s high-level objective (e.g., from “summarizing emails” to “phishing users”). In this paper, we argue that this perspective is incomplete and highlight a critical vulnerability in Reasoning Alignment. We expose the inherent fragility of current alignment techniques by proposing a new adversarial prompt attack paradigm: Reasoning Hijacking. To demonstrate this vulnerability, we instantiate it via the Criteria Attack, which subverts model judgments by injecting spurious decision criteria without altering the high-level task goal. Unlike Goal Hijacking, which attempts to override the system prompt, Reasoning Hijacking keeps the task goal intact but manipulates the model’s decision-making logic by injecting spurious reasoning shortcuts. Through extensive experiments on three different tasks (toxic comment, negative review, and spam detection), we demonstrate that even state-of-the-art models are highly fragile, consistently prioritizing injected heuristic shortcuts over rigorous semantic analysis. Crucially, because the model’s explicit intent remains aligned with the user’s instructions, these attacks can bypass defenses designed to detect goal deviation (e.g., SecAlign, StruQ), revealing a fundamental blind spot in the current safety landscape. Data and code are available at https://github.com/Yuan-Hou/criteria_attack.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1722ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Glyph: Scaling Context Windows via Visual-Text Compression

Jiale Cheng, Yusen Liu, Xinyu Zhang, Yulin Fei The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Wenyi Hong Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Ruiliang Lyu Zhipu AI, Weihan Wang, Zhe Su 等 14 位作者

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) conventionally represent text as sequences of discrete tokens, making long-context scaling largely a matter of processing more tokens more efficiently.We instead explore a complementary direction: increasing how much original context each token represents.To this end, we introduce Glyph, a framework that renders long texts into compact visual pages and processes them with a vision-language model (VLM), allowing a fixed context window to cover substantially more text.To make visual compression practical, Glyph combines continual pre-training on rendered long-text data, an LLM-driven genetic search to identify rendering configurations that balance compression and task performance, and post-training with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning.Across multiple long-context benchmarks, Glyph achieves 3–4× token compression while maintaining performance comparable to strong text-only LLMs such as Qwen3-8B, with over 4× faster prefilling and decoding and 2× faster supervised fine-tuning.Under more aggressive compression, a VLM with a 128K context window can handle tasks that would otherwise require up to 1M input tokens.Our code and model are released at https://github.com/thu-coai/Glyph.

cs.CL · cs.CV

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.634ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

How Tokenization Limits Phonological Knowledge Representation in Language Models and How to Improve Them

Disen Liao, Freda Shi Vector Institute and University of Waterloo

原文摘要

Tokenization is the first step in every language model (LM), yet it never takes the sounds of words into account. We investigate how tokenization influences text-only LMs’ ability to represent phonological knowledge. Through a series of probing experiments, we show that subword-based tokenization systematically weakens the encoding of both local (e.g., rhyme) and global (e.g., syllabification) phonological features. To quantify this effect, we introduce the syllabification-tokenization alignment distance (STAD), a metric that measures the misalignment between a model’s tokenization and the natural syllable boundaries of words, and find that higher misalignment correlates with poorer phonological representations, providing a simple diagnostic for phonology-aware tokenization. To address these limitations, we propose a lightweight IPA-based fine-tuning method that infuses phonological awareness into LMs, leading to consistent improvements across three phonology-related tasks while largely preserving math and general reasoning ability, with 1.1% and 0.9% drops on GSM8K and MMLU, respectively.[Our code is available at https://github.com/liaodisen/Tokenization-Phonology]

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.788ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Your Reasoning Model is Secretly a Reward Model - Optimization-Free Verification from Experience

Zhenwen Liang Tencent AI Lab, Ruosen Li University of Texas at Dallas, Yujun Zhou University of Notre Dame, Linfeng Song Google, Dian Yu Tencent AI Lab, Xinya Du University of Texas at Dallas, Haitao Mi Tencent AI Lab, Dong Yu CapitalOne

原文摘要

Assessing the quality of Large Language Model (LLM) outputs becomes especially challenging in high-branching settings, where a single prompt yields many plausible candidates. Existing verifiers typically operate on the surface text (e.g., reward models, LLM judges, majority voting) or on confidence proxies derived from token probabilities, both of which can be brittle: the former can be influenced by stylistic artifacts, while the latter is often miscalibrated. In this paper, we study a third source of information—the model’s hidden states—for binary correctness verification in tasks with a reliable success/failure signal (e.g., deterministic checkers or reference-grounded answers). We find that correct and incorrect solutions exhibit measurable geometric differences in their hidden-state trajectories. To isolate this signal with minimal modeling assumptions, we introduce Clue (Clustering and Experience-based Verification), a training-free, non-parametric verifier. Clue summarizes each reasoning trace by an activation delta—the difference between hidden states at the start and end of the explicit reasoning span—and predicts correctness by comparing this delta to two class centroids computed from labeled experience. Across math (AIME 24/25), scientific QA (GPQA), and a multi-domain benchmark (WebInstruct-verified), Clue improves selection and reranking, with particularly strong gains on smaller or less-calibrated models. For example, on AIME 24 with a 1.5B model, Clue raises accuracy from 56.7% (majority@64) to 70.0% (top-maj@16).

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表