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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.36901

HiLo-RD: Cross-Budget Self-Distillation for Masked Diffusion Language Models

Xiang Li, Chengting Yu, Jungang Li, Yilun Zheng, Junzhuo Li, Xingyao Zhang, Wenbo Su, Xuming Hu

原文摘要

We propose HiLo-RD (High-to-Low Budget Representation Distillation) to improve masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) under a limited generation budget. Unlike autoregressive models, MDLMs choose both what to generate and where to commit it. This creates two coupled challenges: predicting useful content before reasoning is complete, and deciding when to fix answer tokens that shape later predictions. We identify budget-induced premature commitment: even when a correct solution fits, the model can fix answer fragments near the window boundary before resolving intermediate steps. These fragments become context for later predictions and redirect subsequent reasoning. Existing post-training methods do not directly transfer the stronger trajectories that the same model follows with a larger window. HiLo-RD addresses this gap by (1) pairing large-window teacher states with cropped small-window views and (2) matching their hidden representations at committed positions. This supervision guides both token prediction and commitment order without an external teacher. Across mathematics benchmarks, HiLo-RD improves low-budget accuracy and shortens responses; these gains extend to code generation without code-domain training. On GSM8K, accuracy rises by 9.4 percentage points as mean readable length falls by about 25%. Attention diagnostics and fixed-budget order interventions support the proposed mechanism. Together, these results show that large-window reasoning can improve small-window decoding.

cs.LG · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.36822

Taming Multi-Dimensional Skew in Sparse Matrix Multiplication with Contention-Aware Scheduling [Technical Report]

Wentao Huang, Qiming Huang, Yunhong Ji, Mian Lu, Yuqiang Chen, Bingsheng He, Kian-Lee Tan

原文摘要

Sparse general matrix-matrix multiplication (SpGEMM) is a key kernel in graph analytics, relational queries, and machine learning. Yet, its performance remains a significant challenge, due to the inherent sparsity and, more critically, the prevalent skew patterns often found in real-world workloads. This paper investigates this problem and demonstrates that an unbalanced workload distribution is the main culprit, harming performance through two co-existing root causes: first, multi-dimensional skew, where imbalance across computation cost, output density, and data locality cannot be captured by any single balancing metric; and second, cache contention, where dense substructures induce severe on-chip interference. To that end, we propose adaptive morsel scheduling (AMS), a dynamic scheduling framework that decouples skew dimensions via fixed-result-size morsels and integrates contention-aware load balancing (CALB) and data-conscious simultaneous multithreading activator (SMTact) to alleviate cache-level contention, alongside a hybrid accumulation mechanism (HYB) that adaptively selects the best accumulator per morsel. Evaluations across matrix squaring, relational queries, graph analytics, and other sparse matrix kernels show that AMS significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on skewed workloads while maintaining comparable performance on non-skewed ones. These gains, along with improved bandwidth utilization, remain valid across a wide range of workloads and hardware systems.

cs.DC · cs.DB

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.36662

SWIM: Learning What Matters from Behaviors for JEPA World Models

Jiaming Hu, Shi Bo, Yan Zheng, Tian Wang, Florian Dubost, Alejandro Mottini, Junze Liu, Arvind Srinivasan 等 14 位作者

原文摘要

Joint-embedding predictive architectures (JEPAs) enable world models to plan from images by predicting future embeddings. However, their visual prediction objectives do not explicitly incorporate task-relevant state information, so the physical state that determines task progress may not be reliably captured in the latent space. Supervising world models with simulator state can make planning more informative, but it requires deciding which state features matter. Features are typically selected by hand or weighted uniformly, and a uniform weighting gives every standardized state feature equal influence, so redundant coordinates can overcount the same variation, while irrelevant ones can obscure task-relevant differences. To address this limitation, we propose SWIM (State Weighting with Inverse-Dynamics Model), which learns state weights from offline trajectories by predicting recorded actions from current states and observed future displacements. The learned weights quantify each feature's contribution to action prediction and define a weighted state metric for state-supervised training, which we demonstrate by aligning latent and state distances. The inverse-dynamics model is used only during training, so the resulting world model plans from images with no additional planning-time computation. Across five simulated robotic manipulation tasks, SWIM consistently improves planning success over uniform state weighting.

cs.RO · cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v6arXiv:2604.14121

Correct Prediction, Wrong Steps? Consensus Reasoning Knowledge Graph for Robust Chain-of-Thought Synthesis

Zipeng Ling, Shuliang Liu, Seonil Son, Shenghong Fu, Yuehao Tang, Yao Wan, Xuming Hu

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly used for various tasks, often coupled with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting to boost accuracy. Recent work has shown that high label-prediction accuracy does not guarantee correct intermediate reasoning, and the causes of *reasoning flaws* vary from sample to sample, yet existing remedies either focus on a single domain or assume that one flaw type applies uniformly across samples. A simple mitigation method is to provide the model with the correct answer, but we show that this yields no consistent improvement in reasoning quality. This indicates that the problem cannot be fixed by LLMs' awareness of answers, and must instead be addressed through the *structure* of reasoning. Motivated by this, we propose CRAFT (Consensus Reasoning knowledge graph Aggregation for Flaw-aware Trace synthesis), which aggregates the consensus components shared across multiple candidate reasoning traces to synthesize improved ones. CRAFT consistently improves label-prediction accuracy on both logical and mathematical reasoning benchmarks, outperforming most baselines, while its post-processed traces achieve higher quality under fine-grained benchmark evaluation.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v10arXiv:2507.16199

LLM Abstention Can Be a Prompt Artifact, in Addition to Genuine Uncertainty

Zipeng Ling, Shuliang Liu, Yuehao Tang, Junqi Yang, Shenghong Fu, Seonil Son, Chen Huang, Kejia Huang 等 11 位作者

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly trained to abstain from answering questions they are unsure about. However, this ability is often misapplied: in real-world applications, user prompts sometimes contain elements of uncertainty, which lead LLMs to abstain even on problems they are capable of solving. We argue that LLM abstention is not only an expression of genuine uncertainty; it can also be an artifact largely shaped by prompts. We name this phenomenon *Abstention Inflation*. We add "Unknown" as an extra option for LLMs to choose from; experiments show serious accuracy drops on True/False Questions (TFQs). Replacing "Unknown" with an unrelated random word produces a similar effect. We argue that LLMs are trained to imitate the surface pattern of abstention, rather than to express genuine uncertainty. Based on ten experimental settings, we support four claims that form a progressive argument: **(C1)** *Abstention Inflation* can be triggered by the presence of an extra option, not by genuine uncertainty; **(C2)** it makes the models deny they can answer, even when they can; **(C3)** it is a later-layer output override, as the reasoning traces and mid-layer representations preserve correct answers; **(C4)** it is not stochastic noise: it results from various factors, emerges through instruction tuning, is boosted by problems' higher difficulty, and can be mitigated at larger model sizes.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.35842

MedVTok: A General-Purpose Medical Visual Tokenizer

Chenglong Ma, Yuanfeng Ji, Junzhi Ning, Jiyao Liu, Yujie Wei, Shaohao Rui, Chaoyang Zhang, Wenjie Li 等 21 位作者

原文摘要

Multimodal medical AI requires a common visual interface for encoding heterogeneous imaging evidence for patient condition modeling. However, existing medical visual tokenizers are often tied to a specific dimension and imaging modality, forcing multimodal systems to rely on fragmented and poorly reusable representations. We introduce MedVTok, a general-purpose visual tokenizer that maps 2D images and 3D volumes from diverse imaging modalities into a unified token space. Building such a tokenizer poses two key challenges: preserving anatomical structure across dimensions and capturing clinical semantics across modalities. To this end, MedVTok introduces (i) slice differential regularization, which explicitly models inter-slice anatomical coherence missing in previous per-pixel/per-voxel supervision, and (ii) multi-expert representation alignment, which integrates knowledge from multiple medical expert encoders while retaining modality-specific complementary knowledge. Trained on 28M images and 70K volumes across 9 imaging modalities, MedVTok supports classification, retrieval, segmentation, synthesis, visual question answering, and medical report generation through a single tokenizer. Across 24 benchmarks, MedVTok achieves state-of-the-art performance, demonstrating a scalable token interface that unifies medical image dimension, modality, and task usage.

eess.IV · cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2601.10307

The Straight and Narrow: Do LLMs Possess an Internal Moral Path?

Luoming Hu, Jingjie Zeng, Liang Yang, Hongfei Lin

原文摘要

Enhancing the moral alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical challenge in AI safety. Current alignment techniques often act as superficial guardrails, leaving the intrinsic moral representations of LLMs largely untouched. In this paper, we bridge this gap by leveraging Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to map and manipulate the fine-grained moral landscape of LLMs. Through cross-lingual linear probing, we validate the shared nature of moral representations in middle layers and uncover a shared yet different moral subspace between English and Chinese. Building upon this, we extract steerable Moral Vectors and successfully validate their efficacy at both internal and behavioral levels. Leveraging the high generalizability of morality, we propose Adaptive Moral Fusion (AMF), a dynamic inference-time intervention that synergizes probe detection with vector injection to tackle the safety-helpfulness trade-off. Empirical results confirm that our approach acts as a targeted intrinsic defense, effectively reducing incorrect refusals on benign queries while minimizing jailbreak success rates compared to standard baselines.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2608.10424

Recovering Wasted Compute in Autoresearch Agents

Au Kwok Chun, Abhigyan Acherjee, Amrutha Rao, Zaiqian Chen, Kazem Meidani, C. Bayan Bruss, Micah Goldblum

原文摘要

A slew of recent works develop agents for solving research problems end-to-end, a paradigm increasingly referred to as autoresearch. Such agents have inspired large industry investment, motivated by their potential to automate time-consuming human labor and customize machine learning solutions for specialized applications. In this paper, we study the modeling pipeline at the core of these autoresearch systems and identify common failure modes when they are applied to tabular datasets: (1) they waste compute resolving the same bugs over and over again; (2) they often fail to tune hyperparameters even when they have a large remaining compute budget; (3) the tree-search algorithms that power them do not explore; and (4) they perform data analysis, mimicking the humans whose data they are trained on, but do not use that analysis to make downstream decisions. We explore targeted interventions and find that a global debug consultant that shares discovered runtime constraints across all branches of the search tree, prompt- and control-level enhancements, and refined tree-search algorithms successfully recover wasted compute. Our results show that large gains in autoresearch agent performance are achievable through agentic design alone, holding the underlying language model fixed.

cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2509.21856

KnowMT-Bench: Benchmarking Knowledge-Intensive Long-Form Question Answering in Multi-Turn Dialogues

Junhao Chen, Yu Huang, Siyuan Li, Rui Yao, Hanqian Li, Hanyu Zhang, Jungang Li, Jian Chen 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Multi-Turn Long-Form Question Answering (MT-LFQA) is a key application paradigm of Large Language Models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive domains. However, existing benchmarks are limited to single-turn dialogue, while multi-turn dialogue benchmarks typically assess other orthogonal capabilities rather than knowledge-intensive factuality. To bridge this critical gap, we introduce \textbf{KnowMT-Bench}, a new benchmark designed to systematically evaluate MT-LFQA for LLMs across knowledge-intensive fields, including medicine, finance, and law. To faithfully assess the model's real-world performance, KnowMT-Bench employs a dynamic evaluation setting where models generate their own multi-turn dialogue histories given logically progressive question sequences. Our experiments on a diverse suite of LLMs show a clear degradation in both factual capability and information delivery efficiency in multi-turn dialogue. We further probe the underlying causes and investigate mitigation strategies spanning domain-specific finetuning, active context denoising, and RAG. The results show domain-dependent gains from finetuning, while active context denoising and RAG more consistently mitigate these issues, with RAG notably reversing this performance degradation. These findings underscore the importance of our benchmark for evaluating LLMs' conversational factual capabilities in real-world applications. Code and data are publicly available.\footnote{\href{https://github.com/Sven-LI-sankyuu/KnowMT-Bench}{\texttt{https://github.com/Sven-LI-sankyuu/KnowMT-Bench}}}

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.33357

DISCERN: Can AI Agents Work Like Scientists and Guide Discovery?

Nan Huang, Mario Tapia-Pacheco, Kun Zhou, Yiming Huang, Kevin José Barrientos Díaz, Tiffany Amariuta, Jingbo Shang

原文摘要

Reliable automated research requires agents to vet data, verify analyses, and generate hypotheses grounded in trustworthy evidence, potentially reducing routine scientific workload while allowing scientists to focus on interpretation and discovery. Existing benchmarks often only assess analytical task completion or hypothesis generation separately rather than testing whether reliable evidence supports valid and novel claims. We introduce DISCERN (Data Integrity and Scientific Capability: Evidence, Reasoning, and Novelty), a controlled benchmark on real, publicly available datasets that evaluates three key levels of an automated research workflow. The first two levels test data integrity and analysis verification under confounds and tool traps, while the third tests hypothesis generation and revision under adversarial review, including counterfactual cases in which evidence consistent with real data and documented scientific phenomena conflicts with established expectations, motivating alternative explanations and testable hypotheses. Across 203 tasks, eight life-science tracks, and eight models, DISCERN shows that strong aggregate performance can mask level-specific weaknesses. Agents earn perfect scores in only 60.8% of Level 1, 34.2% of Level 2, and 0.6% of Level 3 evaluations, with penalties attributed to rejection of sound data, failure to carry recognized limitations into conclusions, and wide variation in hypothesis production. Cross-track rankings by token and code use are substantially more stable than rankings by evidence judgment, suggesting greater consistency in computational effort than in evidence-based reasoning. These profiles identify opportunities for supervised scientific assistance, but current agents do not yet demonstrate reliable autonomous analysis or discovery. Code and data: https://huggingface.co/datasets/discern-bench-anon/discern-benchmark

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.34721

Prefetch-Steered Routing: Deterministic Cache-Aware Expert Selection for Offloaded Mixture-of-Experts Decoding

Siming Huang

原文摘要

When a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model does not fit in GPU memory, batch-1 decoding is dominated by copying expert weights from host memory. Cache-aware routing reduces these copies by biasing the router toward resident experts, but combined with asynchronous prefetching it makes the model's outputs depend on transfer timing, so a harness that does not simulate that timing no longer evaluates the deployed model. We propose prefetch-steered routing (PSR): routing conditions on a deterministic logical cache, into which at most n experts predicted by the next layer's router are inserted per layer and token; physical copies affect only latency. On OLMoE-1B-7B with 50% and 25% of experts resident on an RTX 4090, PSR decodes 2.2-2.3x faster than exact routing with LRU and 25-30% faster than the Cache-Prior operating point, with mean benchmark differences of +0.1 and +0.5 points (95% lower bounds -0.8 and -0.3). In greedy generation its lead over Cache-Prior depends on the workload and reverses on HumanEval at 50% residency. On Moonlight-16B-A3B, PSR is 1.9x faster than exact routing with LRU at 37.5% residency and, at the latency of Cache-Prior, significantly better on three of eight benchmarks. On Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, where copies are cheap relative to computation, PSR keeps its advantage over Cache-Prior on the likelihood benchmarks but not its speed. Distillation-trained gates did not help. Speculative decoding with block-level expert selection was slower than PSR with a 1B autoregressive drafter on OLMoE, but with a block drafter on Qwen3.6 it was 2.1-2.9x faster than any autoregressive configuration with at most its GPU memory on the 64 prompts we timed.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.34649

RobotAgentBench: Towards Open-world Robot Autonomy

Lingjun Mao, Jinglin Cao, Lukun He, Wenpeng Xu, Yuchen Yan, Hengyu Jin, Zijun Zhang, Jinzhou Tang 等 25 位作者

原文摘要

Recent advances in vision-language-action (VLA) and world-action models (WAMs) have significantly improved robotic manipulation, yet deploying robots in the open world demands a higher level of autonomy beyond executing predefined tasks. Robot agents offer a promising paradigm for this transition, integrating task discovery, contextual reasoning, physical execution, and adaptive recovery into a closed interaction loop. However, existing benchmarks largely evaluate isolated capabilities, failing to capture the complexity of open-world robot autonomy. We introduce RobotAgentBench (RAB), a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating robot agents in realistic, open-world household environments. Through an agent-assisted, human-in-the-loop real-to-sim pipeline, RAB constructs 50 diverse household layouts with interactive objects and physically grounded tasks, encompassing 90 atomic tasks, 18 short-horizon tasks, 8 long-horizon tasks, and 4 open-ended scenarios. RAB provides a multi-level evaluation of robot agent capabilities: (1) task-level assessments systematically examine five complementary dimensions: task discovery, context reasoning, manipulation, failure recovery, and robustness; (2) scenario-level evaluation assesses how agents integrate these capabilities to autonomously fulfill high-level user needs. Furthermore, RAB enables systematic comparisons of standalone VLA/WAM models and diverse robot agent architectures under a unified planning-execution-verification framework. Extensive experiments reveal substantial gaps between manipulation and autonomy, demonstrate the advantages of agentic architectures and recursive self-improvement, and highlight the remaining challenges toward open-world robot autonomy.

cs.RO · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.34618

P2P-Former: Bridging the Supervision Gap Between Point and Proposal in Temporal Action Localization

Yunchuan Ma, Laiyun Qing, Sai Xu, Guorong Li, Qingming Huang

原文摘要

Recently, point-supervised temporal action localization has attracted increasing attention due to its low annotation cost (only one frame per action instance) and competitive detection performance. However, since point annotations are less complete than proposal annotations, existing methods mainly rely on multiple instance learning for snippet-level classification, which leads to a performance gap compared to fully supervised models. To bridge this gap, we propose P2P-Former, a novel point-to-proposal Transformer-based framework that effectively connects point-level supervision with proposal-level learning for temporal action localization. In this work, we identify two key challenges in transitioning from point-level supervision to full supervision: (1) how to generate reliable proposals as pseudo ground-truth, and (2) how to effectively integrate point-level cues into the fully supervised paradigm. To address the first challenge, we propose a Point-aware Proposal Generation (PPG) strategy that refines the confidence of proposals produced by a base locator using a point-aware importance estimation function, and then performs optimal matching between point annotations and candidate proposals to select reliable proposals as pseudo ground-truth. To tackle the second challenge, we introduce a Point-guided Semantic Enhancement (PSE) module that aggregates prototypes from point-annotated features and injects them into snippet features through Transformer-based interactions. Moreover, we design a Point-to-Proposal Constraint Loss (PPCL) that enforces each predicted proposal to include the annotated point, thereby encouraging more accurate localization. Extensive experiments on the THUMOS14 and ActivityNet-1.3 datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms several existing state-of-the-art approaches.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.34503

Multimodal Requirements Traceability Link Recovery in Industrial Settings

Haoming Huang, Shinpei Hayashi, Kazuya Kohata, Myeongki Kim, Yuki Kurihara

原文摘要

Requirements traceability links support activities such as change-impact analysis, coverage checking, and validation. Industrial requirements can include traceable images, which text-only approaches cannot process directly. For a fixed classifier configuration, binary decisions alone offer no direct way to adjust the balance between missed and incorrect links. We extend a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approach for inter-requirements traceability link recovery (TLR). Our extension retrieves text and image candidates separately, classifies each retrieved pair with a vision-language model, and filters the predicted links by verbalized confidence. We evaluate our approach on three non-overlapping industrial requirement sets and six public text-only datasets. On the industrial test sets, our approach achieves an F1 score of 0.310, compared with 0.114 for our replication of the baseline approach by Hey et al. Our approach recovers links in all four modality combinations while improving text-only F1 on the industrial data and maintaining similar performance on the public datasets, but recovery remains limited by failures to retrieve related text requirements for image queries. Confidence filtering produces link sets with different precision and recall, removing false positives and some correctly recovered links from the unfiltered link set. This study provides industrial evidence on the potential and limitations of a current RAG-based TLR approach for multimodal requirements and identifies cross-modal retrieval as the component to prioritize in further optimization.

cs.SE · cs.AI · cs.IR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-industry.98ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Optimal Expert-Attention Allocation in Mixture-of-Experts: A Scalable Law for Dynamic Model Design

Junzhuo Li, Peijie Jiang, Changxin Tian, Jia Liu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Xuming Hu

原文摘要

This paper presents a novel extension of neural scaling laws to Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, focusing on the optimal allocation of compute between expert and attention sub-layers. As MoE architectures have emerged as an efficient method for scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing computation, determining the optimal expert-attention compute ratio becomes critical. We define the ratio r as the fraction of total FLOPs per token dedicated to the expert layers versus the attention layers, and explore how this ratio interacts with the overall compute budget and model sparsity. Through extensive experiments with GPT-style MoE Transformers, we empirically find that the optimal ratio r^\* follows a power-law relationship with total compute and varies with sparsity. Our analysis leads to an explicit formula for r^\*, enabling precise control over the expert-attention compute allocation. We generalize the Chinchilla scaling law by incorporating this architectural parameter, providing a new framework for tuning MoE models beyond size and data. Our findings offer practical guidelines for designing efficient MoE models, optimizing performance while respecting fixed compute budgets.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1055ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

CoEvolve: Training LLM Agents via Agent-Data Mutual Evolution

Shidong Yang, Ziyu Ma Hunan University, Tongwen Huang Alibaba Group, Yiming Hu, Yong Wang, Xiangxiang Chu Alibaba Group

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning for LLM agents is typically conducted on a static data distribution, which fails to adapt to the agent’s evolving behavior and leads to poor coverage of complex environment interactions. To address these challenges, we propose CoEvolve, an agent-data mutual evolution framework that enables LLM agents to improve through closed-loop, interaction-driven training. Specifically, CoEvolve extracts feedback signals such as forgetting and uncertainty from rollout trajectories to identify failure-prone interaction patterns, and utilizes them to guide LLM-based task synthesis. The synthesized tasks are validated through environment interaction and utilized to update the data distribution, enabling joint adaptation of the agent and its data. Extensive experiments on AppWorld and BFCL across Qwen2.5-7B, Qwen3-4B, and Qwen3-30B-A3B demonstrate consistent and significant improvements over strong base models, yielding absolute gains of 19.43%, 15.58%, and 18.14%, respectively.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1101ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Scaling Laws for Code: A More Data-Hungry Regime

Xianzhen Luo Harbin Institute of Techology, Wenzhen Zheng, Qingfu Zhu Harbin Institute of Technology, Rongyi Zhang, Houyi Li Fudan University, Siming Huang, YuanTao Fan, Wanxiang Che Harbin Institute of Technology

原文摘要

Code Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing software engineering. However, scaling laws that guide the efficient training are predominantly analyzed on Natural Language (NL). Given the fundamental differences like strict syntax between code and NL, it is unclear whether these laws are directly applicable to code. To address this gap, we conduct the first large-scale empirical study of scaling laws for code, comprising 117 experimental runs with model sizes from 0.2B to 3.8B and training tokens from 2B to 128B. We fit the Chinchilla law and the Farsser law. First, the results show that the more expressive Farseer law offers greater accuracy. Second, the analysis reveals that Code LLMs scale effectively with model size. Crucially, code represents a more data-hungry regime, requiring a substantially higher data-to-parameter ratio than NL. Finally, two additional sets of experiments on code-NL mixtures show that NL benefits resource-constrained scenarios, but becomes a detriment at higher compute budgets.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1223ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Localized Low-Rank Adaptation within Clustered Parameter Subspaces

Jiahao Xiong, Yihe Liu, Xianming Hu, Hongbo Zhao, Nuoyi Chen, Jie Zhang, Kai Zhang East China Normal University

原文摘要

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) for large language models (LLMs) has achieved significant success in various domains. So far, most algorithms in the LoRA-family rely on global low-rank factors spanning the entire update weight matrix (\Delta \mathbf{W}). Through careful analysis, however, we observe that the \Delta \mathbf{W} during fine-tuning typically exhibit heterogeneous subspace clusters, each corresponding to specific sub-sets of rows and columns. This structural heterogeneity suggests that global low-rank factors may not optimally capture the local variations needed for effective model adaptation. To address this limitation, we propose LoRA within Clustered Parameter Subspaces, or CPS-LoRA, which performs independent low-rank updates within clustered blocks of parameter matrices. The key idea is to group the rows/columns of the update matrix into locally coherent, and maximally uncorrelated subspaces, perform low-rank adaptations in each subspace, and iteratively update the partition and local adaptations. This allows adapting to local structures more precisely while preserving high efficiency. Theoretical analysis reveals that in case \Delta \mathbf{W} can be partitioned into subspace blocks with non-overlapping basis, CPS-LoRA have superior parameter efficiency than global adaptations. Empirical evaluations further demonstrate better rank utilization of CPS-LoRA and its consistent improvements against LoRA (and variants) by up to 3.0% in absolute accuracy in various benchmarks.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1410ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

To Judge or Not to Judge: Can Large Language Models Leverage the Dispute Focus in Legal Judgment?

Luoming Hu, Liang Yang Dalian University of Technology, Jingjie Zeng, Zijie Xing

原文摘要

Civil judicial cases are highly complicated, posing significant challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs) for Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP). While judges manage this complexity through the dispute focus—a mechanism distilling cases into core issues—existing research largely overlooks this tool in favor of generic reasoning frameworks that lack authentic judicial logic. To bridge this gap, we first introduce \textbf{FocalLaw}, the first dataset aligning full-process Chinese civil judicial data through the dispute focus, comprising 1,000 high-quality cases across six causes of action. Building on this dataset, we examine LLMs’ capability to utilize the dispute focus and uncover a counter-intuitive phenomenon: LLMs fail to leverage the dispute focus even with CoT and SFT, which we identify as the “Clerk Trap”.To solve the problem, we propose \textbf{FocalJudge}, a novel framework that leverages the dispute focus to guide LLMs through a structured, judge-like cognitive workflow. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of FocalJudge and offer valuable insights into the interpretability and reliability of LLMs in the legal domain.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1784ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Vision-Language Introspection: Mitigating Overconfident Hallucinations in MLLMs via Interpretable Bi-Causal Steering

Shuliang Liu, Songbo Yang, Dong Fang LIGHTSPEED STUDIOS, Sihang Jia The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Yuqi Tang, Lingfeng Su Independent researcher, Ruoshui Peng The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Yibo Yan The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Alibaba 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Object hallucination critically undermines the reliability of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), often stemming from a fundamental failure in cognitive introspection—where models blindly trust linguistic priors over specific visual evidence. Existing mitigations remain limited: contrastive decoding approaches operate superficially without rectifying internal semantic misalignments, while current latent steering methods rely on static vectors that lack instance-specific precision. We introduce Vision-Language Introspection (VLI), a training-free inference framework that simulates a metacognitive self-correction process. VLI first performs Attributive Introspection to diagnose hallucination risks via probabilistic conflict detection and localize the causal visual anchors. It then employs Interpretable Bi-Causal Steering to actively modulate the inference process, dynamically isolating visual evidence from background noise while neutralizing blind confidence through adaptive calibration. VLI achieves state-of-the-art performance on advanced models, reducing object hallucination rates by 12.67% on MMHal-Bench and improving accuracy by 5.8% on POPE.

cs.CL · cs.CV

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.195ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Are We Using the Right Benchmark: An Evaluation Framework for Visual Token Compression Methods

Chenfei Liao, Wensong Wang, Zichen Wen Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Xu Zheng, Yiyu Wang, Haocong He, Yuanhuiyi Lyu, Lutao Jiang 等 13 位作者

原文摘要

Recent efforts to accelerate inference in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have largely focused on visual token compression. The effectiveness of these methods is commonly evaluated by measuring the accuracy drop on existing MLLM benchmarks before and after compression. However, these benchmarks are originally designed to assess general perception and reasoning abilities, rather than the specific challenges posed by visual token compression, leading to a fundamental task mismatch. In this work, we uncover a counterintuitive yet consistent phenomenon: simple image downsampling outperforms many advanced visual token compression methods across multiple widely used benchmarks. Through a comprehensive empirical study spanning eight popular benchmarks and multiple state-of-the-art compression techniques, we show that (i) current benchmarks contain substantial noise (task-irrelevant samples) for evaluating visual token compression, and (ii) downsampling can act as an effective data filter that distinguishes between simple and difficult samples with respect to compression sensitivity. Motivated by these findings, we propose VTC-Bench, an evaluation framework that explicitly leverages downsampling as a discriminator to denoise existing benchmarks, enabling a fairer and more meaningful additional assessment of visual token compression methods.

cs.CL · cs.CV

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.2089ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Adversarial Metric Learning for Fine-Grained Emotion Classification

Junfan Chen Beihang University, Sizhe Wu, Richong Zhang, Chunming Hu Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

原文摘要

Fine-grained emotion classification (FEC) requires distinguishing subtly different emotions, where the dominant errors come from closely confusable categories. Recent progress relies on contrastive learning with hard-pair mining, implicitly assuming that a fixed similarity metric is sufficient to optimize informative pairs. We argue that this assumption is fragile because defining whether two utterances are similar becomes a problem when the label space is crowded, and hard-pair mining under a fixed metric can systematically miss the worst confusions. Thus, we treat the similarity function as a learnable component and design an adversarial metric learning (AML) framework. It follows theoretical interpretations of metric-robust representations that better separate confusable emotions. AML trains a pairwise discriminator to maximally confuse two targeted hard pair types, while training the encoder to remain discriminative under this worst-case learned metric. Our code and data are released on GitHub.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.279ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Measuring Human Contribution in AI-Assisted Content Generation

Yueqi Xie, Tao Qi Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jingwei Yi Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Xiyuan Yang, Ryan Whalen University of Hong Kong, Junming Huang Princeton University, Qian Ding Tsinghua University and Microsoft, Yu Xie 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

With the growing prevalence of generative AI, an increasing amount of content is no longer exclusively generated by humans but by generative AI models with human guidance. This shift presents notable challenges for the delineation of originality due to the varying degrees of human contribution in AI-assisted works. This study raises the research question of measuring human contribution in AI-assisted content generation and introduces a framework to address this question that is grounded in information theory. By calculating mutual information between human input and AI-assisted output relative to self-information of AI-assisted output, we quantify the proportional information contribution of humans in content generation. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed measure effectively discriminates between varying degrees of human contribution across multiple creative domains. To further enhance real-world applicability, we extend the framework to estimate the minimal necessary human contribution for any text without requiring human input and validate its effectiveness. We hope that this work lays a foundation for measuring human contributions in AI-assisted content generation in the era of generative AI.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.67ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

J4R: Learning to Judge with Equivalent Initial State Group Relative Policy Optimization

Austin Xu Anthropic, Yilun Zhou Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Xuan-Phi Nguyen, Caiming Xiong Salesforce Research, Shafiq Joty Nanyang Technological University and SalesForce.com

原文摘要

To keep pace with the increasing velocity of large language models (LLM) development, model output evaluation has transitioned away from time-consuming human evaluation to automatic evaluation, where LLMs themselves are tasked with assessing and critiquing other model outputs. LLM-as-judge models are a class of generative evaluators that excel in evaluating relatively simple domains, like chat quality, but struggle in reasoning intensive domains where model responses contain more substantive and challenging content. To remedy existing judge shortcomings, we explore training judges with reinforcement learning (RL). We make three key contributions: (1) We propose the Equivalent Initial State Group Relative Policy Optimization (EIS-GRPO) algorithm, which allows us to train our judge to be robust to positional biases that arise in more complex evaluation settings. (2) We introduce ReasoningJudgeBench, a benchmark that evaluates judges in diverse reasoning settings not covered by prior work. (3) We train Judge for Reasoning (J4R), a 7B judge trained with EIS-GRPO that outperforms GPT-4o and the next best small judge by 6.7% and 9%, matching or exceeding the performance of larger GRPO-trained judges on both JudgeBench and ReasoningJudgeBench.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.797ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

Free Energy-Driven Reinforcement Learning with Adaptive Advantage Shaping for Unsupervised Reasoning in LLMs

Yiming Huang Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenbo Shi, Xin-Cheng Wen, Jichuan Zeng Tencent Inc., Cuiyun Gao Harbin Institute of Technology, Peiyi Han Harbin Institute of Technology（ShenZhen）, Chuanyi Liu Harbin Institute of Technology

原文摘要

Unsupervised reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling self-improvement in large language models (LLMs). However, existing unsupervised RL-based methods often lack the capacity to adapt to the model’s evolving reasoning capabilities during training. Therefore, these methods can misdirect policy optimization in the absence of ground-truth supervision. To address this issue, we introduce FREIA, a novel RL-based algorithm built on two key innovations: (1) Free Energy-Driven Reward (FER) adapts rewards to balance consensus and exploration based on the Free Energy Principle. (2) Adaptive Advantage Shaping (AAS) adaptively adjusts learning signals based on the statistical characteristics of sampled rewards. Empirical evaluations on nine datasets across three reasoning tasks showcase that FREIA outperforms other unsupervised RL-based baselines. Notably, in mathematical reasoning tasks, FREIA surpasses other methods by an average of 0.5 to 3.5 points in Pass@1 using the DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B model.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.87ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

GATE: Graph-based Adaptive Tool Evolution Across Diverse Tasks

Jianwen Luo, Yiming Huang, Jinxiang Meng University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fangyu Lei, Shizhu He Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiao Liu Microsoft Research Asia, Shanshan Jiang, Bin Dong Ricoh Software Research Center Beijing Co., Ltd. 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great promise in tool-making, yet existing frameworks often struggle to efficiently construct reliable toolsets and are limited to single-task settings. To address these challenges, we propose GATE (Graph-based Adaptive Tool Evolution), an adaptive framework that dynamically constructs and evolves a hierarchical graph of reusable tools across multiple scenarios. We evaluate GATE on open-ended tasks (Minecraft), agent-based tasks (TextCraft, DABench), and code generation tasks (MATH, Date, TabMWP). Our results show that GATE achieves up to 4.3× faster milestone completion in Minecraft compared to the previous state-of-the-art method, and provides an average improvement of 9.23% over existing tool-making methods in code generation tasks and 10.03% in agent tasks. Further analysis shows that GATE exhibits strong adaptive evolution capabilities, effectively balancing tool quantity, complexity, and functionality while maintaining high efficiency. Code and data are available at https://github.com/ayanami2003/GATE.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-srw.125ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

LLM as a Meta-Judge: Synthetic Data for NLP Evaluation Metric Validation

Lukáš Eigler Charles University Prague, Jindřich Libovický Charles University Prague, David Hurych Valeo.ai

原文摘要

Validating evaluation metrics for NLG typically relies on expensive and time-consuming human annotations, which predominantly exists only for English datasets. We propose LLM as a Meta-Judge, a scalable framework that utilizes LLMs to generate synthetic evaluation datasets via controlled semantic degradation of real data, replacing human judgment. We validate our approach using meta-correlation, measuring the alignment between metric rankings derived from synthetic data and those from standard human benchmarks. Experiments across Machine Translation, Question Answering, and Summarization demonstrate that synthetic validation serves as a reliable proxy for human judgment, achieving meta-correlations exceeding 0.9 in multilingual QA and proves to be a viable alternative where human judgments are unavailable or too expensive to obtain. Our code and data are publicly available at https://github.com/eiglerl/meta-judge.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 4: Student Research Workshop) · 2026 · 正式发表

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.22998Berkeley BAIR

TEXEDO : Test Time Scaling for Controller-aware Language-conditioned Humanoid Motion Generation

Jianuo Cao, Yuxin Chen, Yuzhen Song, Masayoshi Tomizuka, Chenran Li, Thomas Tian

原文摘要

Text-conditioned motion generation is a promising interface for programming humanoid robots, yet current generators are often trained on human motion datasets retargeted to robot morphologies. Although such data provides rich semantic and kinematic priors, it fails to capture the nuances of whole-body tracking controllers, including balance, contact dynamics, actuation limits, and controller-specific failure modes. As a result, generated motions can be semantically plausible but difficult or impossible for the robot to execute. We introduce TEXEDO, a test-time scaling framework for humanoid motion generation that improves motion quality without requiring a stronger underlying generator. Given a text prompt, TEXEDO samples multiple candidate motions from a pretrained text-conditioned generator and selects the best motion that is both executable and task-aligned. The reward model combines a dynamic feasibility verifier, distilled from whole-body tracking rollouts to predict physical executability, with a semantic alignment verifier that measures text-motion alignment in a learned co-embedding space. Our pipeline treats dynamic feasibility as a hard constraint and semantic alignment as the selection objective within the feasible set. Through large-scale simulation studies and real-world deployment on a Unitree G1 humanoid robot, we show that TEXEDO consistently improves both tracking fidelity and text alignment. These results demonstrate that grounded verification is an effective path toward deployable language-guided humanoid motion generation. Project website: https://jianuocao.github.io/TEXEDO/

cs.RO

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首次观测 · 记录 #1CVF · CVPR 2026:cvf:b5c04b9a3a058c1d121d13480317d205CVF · CVPR 2026

FloodDiffusion: Tailored Diffusion Forcing for Streaming Motion Generation

Cai, Yiyi, Wu, Yuhan, Li, Kunhang, Zhou, You, Zheng, Bo, Liu, Haiyang

原文摘要

We present FloodDiffusion, a new framework for text-driven, streaming human motion generation. Given time-varying text prompts, FloodDiffusion generates text-aligned, seamless motion sequences with real-time latency.Unlike existing methods that rely on chunk-by-chunk or auto-regressive model with diffusion head, we adopt a diffusion forcing framework to model this time-series generation task under time-varying control events.We find that a straightforward implementation of vanilla diffusion forcing (as proposed for video models) fails to model real motion distributions. We demonstrate that to guarantee modeling the output distribution, the vanilla diffusion forcing must be tailored to: (i) train with a bi-directional attention instead of casual attention; (ii) implement a lower triangular time scheduler instead of a random one; (iii) utilize a continues time-varying way to introduce text conditioning.With these improvements, we demonstrate in the first time that the diffusion forcing-based framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on the streaming motion generation task, reaching an FID of 0.057 on the HumanML3D benchmark. Models, code, and weights are available.

cs.CV

Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · 2026 · 正式发表

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CVF · CVPR 2026 ↗PDF ↗