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原文摘要

Open-set recognition (OSR) requires neural networks to classify known classes while rejecting unknown samples, which is critical for real-world deployment. So far, OSR research studied and developed representation learning and postprocessing methods independently and their interactions remain unexplored. In this paper, we reconsider OSR as a modular two-stage pipeline and present the first systematic study of interactions between representation learning and postprocessing methods across dataset scales and usage of known unknown data. First, we discover a failure mode we term \emph{magnitude collapse}, where representation learning methods that utilize known unknown data can suffer performance degradation at large scale and irreversibly destroy discriminative information, despite excelling at small scale. Second, we study the modular interactions and reveal when they can be leveraged for modular performance gains via two-stage processing and where interaction effects amplify performance degradation due to magnitude collapse. Third, we show how these findings can be used to achieve state-of-the-art performance with a simple $K+1$ class classifier baseline and magnitude-aware postprocessing while circumventing magnitude collapse. Finally, our results demonstrate that small-scale evaluations with known unknown data are not predictive of large-scale performance, invalidating current best practices in OSR research. Code available at https://github.com/TwoDigitsOneNumber/Two-Stage-OSR.