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查看原文摘要

Understanding 4D scenes is a core challenge in visual intelligence, requiring models to jointly capture scene geometry, appearance, and dynamics from partial observations. However, existing approaches are subdivided into feedforward models for direct geometric prediction, and generative models for visual synthesis. We introduce UGG, a unified framework for 4D scene understanding that jointly models RGB video and geometric representations such as depth and camera pose. By assigning different noise levels across modalities and time, UGG formulates visual generation and geometric prediction as conditional completion within a single generative model. This flexible formulation enables the model to learn from diverse, heterogeneous datasets with different subsets of geometric and visual annotations. Furthermore, our generative formulation enables inference-time search over multiple plausible scene hypotheses, using geometric evidence extracted from observed RGB frames to improve geometric prediction without ground truth geometry. We demonstrate UGG's effectiveness over non-unified baselines across camera-controlled video generation, depth estimation, and camera pose prediction, including in challenging sparse observation settings. Code and visualizations are available at https://ugg-model.github.io/

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.11812

更新于 2026-11-09

CaseLaw: A Policy-Decoupled Framework for Training-Free Content Moderation

Qi Lu, Sen Li, Likun Shi, Xiaolong Jiang

原文摘要

Content moderation is inherently policy-dependent: moderation boundaries are often subtle, subjective, and frequently updated, while conventional rule based or fine-tuning based systems require costly rule rewriting, model retraining, or system redeployment. We propose CaseLaw, a policy-decoupled and training-free framework for adaptive content moderation. CaseLaw reformulates moderation as precedent-based retrieval and voting, where multimodal content is transformed into evidence-preserved structured semantics, embedded into a stable semantic space, and classified by thresholded voting over retrieved precedent labels. We train NoteCap on a large-scale corpus of structurally annotated notes to ensure consistent semantic extraction and freeze it during subsequent policy adaptation, which requires no additional training. Policy adaptation is achieved by updating the semantic case library, including case labels and mappings, without retraining models or modifying prompts. To evaluate CaseLaw, we construct MFO-RedNotes, a benchmark for the male-female opposition risk domain. We additionally provide a five category CoPro comparison. Experiments show that CaseLaw consistently outperforms competing baselines in both precision and recall across policy-dependent risk levels and broader safety categories, with category-wise precision/recall reaching up to 86.8%/90.1% on MFO-RedNotes across both policy settings and 94.5%/92.3% on CoPro. Our work highlights the potential of precedent-based reasoning for policy adaptive content moderation and offers a practical direction toward more stable, transparent, and training-free moderation systems.

cs.CL

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2603.24500

更新于 2026-11-07

Project and Generate: Divergence-Free Neural Operators for Incompressible Flows

Xigui Li, Hongwei Zhang, Ruoxi Jiang, Deshu Chen, Chensen Lin, Limei Han, Yuan Qi, Xin Guo 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Learning-based models for fluid dynamics often operate in unconstrained function spaces, leading to physically inadmissible, unstable simulations. Penalty-based methods can reduce constraint violations but do not guarantee exact incompressibility. In this work, we introduce a unified framework that enforces the incompressible continuity equation as a hard, intrinsic constraint for both deterministic and generative modeling. We integrate a differentiable spectral Leray projection into neural operators to enforce incompressibility. For flow matching, we construct a divergence-free Gaussian reference measure via a curl-based pushforward, so that the reference samples, interpolation paths, and velocity targets are compatible with the projected dynamics. Experiments on 2D Navier-Stokes equations demonstrate exact incompressibility up to discretization error and substantially improved stability and physical consistency.

cs.LG · physics.flu-dyn

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.05516

更新于 2026-11-06

Dominant-Layer ZO: A Single Layer Dominates Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning of LLMs

Wanhao Yu, Ziyan Wang, Zheng Wang, Abeer Matar Almalky, Yihang Zuo, Shuteng Niu, Sen Lin, Adnan Siraj Rakin 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization enables memory-efficient fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) using only forward passes, but it remains unclear how useful adaptation is distributed across layers. In this work, we reveal a surprising phenomenon: ZO fine-tuning is sharply dominated by a single decoding layer. Across multiple LLM families and downstream tasks, fine-tuning this dominant layer alone consistently matches or even exceeds full-model ZO fine-tuning. We further show that the dominant layer is task-agnostic but model-specific, and can be identified before training through a simple inference-only analysis of activation outliers. Specifically, the dominant layer consistently aligns with the first activation-outlier layer in the pre-trained model. To explain this phenomenon, we analyze how perturbation effects propagate under ZO optimization. We find that the dominant layer combines two key properties: high perturbation sensitivity and early placement in the residual stream, allowing perturbation-induced effects to propagate and accumulate through remaining subsequent decoding layers. As a result, this layer produces disproportionately strong and stable optimization signals under forward-only updates. Extensive experiments on LLaMA2-7B and Qwen3-8B across nine benchmarks show that dominant-layer ZO fine-tuning improves average performance over full-model MeZO and LoRA-based ZO fine-tuning while achieving up to 4.52$\times$ training speedup.

cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.09003

更新于 2026-11-06

FoundaRF: A Physics-Informed Foundation Model Framework for Radio-Frequency Passive Components

Houbo He, Chris Han, Hyunsu Chae, Lei Xia, Qiang Zhou, Lawrence Liu, Sensen Li, David Z. Pan 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Designing RF/mmWave passive components is a time-consuming process that relies heavily on expert knowledge and iterative EM simulations. Although recent ML surrogate models have shown great promise in accelerating passive design, they remain task-specific and lack generalization. This paper presents FoundaRF, a foundation model framework that unifies passive layout modeling across diverse layout structures and technologies. It combines a self-supervised encoder with adaptive layout processing and physics-aware decoders to enable few-shot transfer. Experiments across four semiconductor technologies show strong generalization to unseen structures, outperforming baselines with up to a 3.3x reduction in prediction error, reducing labeled-data requirements by up to fourfold, and substantially shortening design turnaround. FoundaRF establishes a scalable and data-efficient solution for RF/mmWave passive design automation.

eess.SP · cs.AI

版本更新 · v4arXiv:2606.09289

更新于 2026-11-06

Intention Driven Identification of In-Possession Match Phases in Association Football through Temporal Graph Learning

Yuesen Li, Daniel Link

原文摘要

Recognising intentions from continuous movement trajectories is an important problem in spatiotemporal data mining. This becomes difficult when behaviours change over time and their boundaries cannot be directly observed. Football provides a useful setting for studying this problem because tactical intentions emerge from the coordinated movements of multiple players during possession. Existing methods for match phase recognition often classify individual frames, use predefined spatial rules, or identify only selected tactical patterns. They therefore cannot fully describe continuous possession sequences in which tactical intentions change over time. We address this gap by treating the identification of the in-possession match phase as a hierarchical sequence segmentation task. The framework includes three tactical intentions (Invade Opponent Space, Keep Possession, and Scoring) and six phases (Build Up, Progression, Counter Attack, Maintenance, Sustained Threat, and Finishing). We propose a Temporal Graph Attention Network (T-GAN) that combines player interaction graphs, contextual features, and Transformer based temporal modelling. The framework was evaluated on seven Bundesliga matches using leave-one-match-out validation and compared with rule-based, Random Forest, GNN, and Transformer baselines at both frame and sequence levels. The results show that temporal modelling is important for coherent phase segmentation, while graph modelling provides additional value for transition phases such as Counter Attack. The framework provides an interpretable method for discovering intention based behavioural segments from continuous player tracking data and supports automated tactical analysis in football.

cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.01639

更新于 2026-11-01

Local or Escalate? Post-Training Expert Routing for Real-Time Duplex Speech Models

Ruoyu He, Jisen Li, Anthony Ji, Changyi Yang, Zetian Li, Runduo Ma, Zhen Zhang, Zhongzhu Zhou

原文摘要

A full-duplex model should answer easy questions immediately, but hard questions often need stronger reasoning, which may require waiting. The challenge is to choose between these paths at the moment the model begins to speak. Recent systems learn related mode decisions through special-token generation inside the dialogue model, coupling routing to turn-taking and temporally annotated full-duplex training. We study a post-training alternative. We freeze MiniCPM-o 4.5, using only its speech input and output, and fit a logistic failure readout on hidden states already available at its native listen-to-speak transition. The resulting gate requires no additional model generation and exposes thresholds that can be retuned without changing the duplex policy. A probe fitted on text-input states also reads the states of spoken questions, including unseen human recordings. On the internal benchmark, selective handoff improves answer accuracy by 27.1 points. Compared with always using the expert, it reduces mean server time to first answer audio by 31.5 percent. It also outperforms matched random routing across external speech question-answering pools, as well as a zero-shot GPT-5.4 mini router that rates the transcribed question. The training recipe also transfers to a second duplex model family. These results show that an existing duplex model can be equipped to answer easy turns immediately and wait for stronger reasoning or fresher knowledge on the turns that need it, without further duplex training.

cs.AI · eess.AS

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.01396

更新于 2026-11-01

SpecUltra: A Unified Foundation Model for Heterogeneous Spectral Images

Weili Kong, Baisen Liu, Xiaojun Bi, Jiaming Pei

原文摘要

Spectral imagery, including hyperspectral image (HSI) and multispectral image (MSI), exhibits substantial heterogeneity in band numbers, wavelengths, spectral resolutions, hindering unified modeling and cross-sensor transfer. From the perspective of imaging physics, these heterogeneous observations can be regarded as discrete measurements of an underlying continuous spectrum acquired through different sampling processes. Motivated by this perspective, we propose SpecUltra, a unified foundation model for heterogeneous spectral images. Specifically, SpecUltra employs 3D convolutional tokenization and wavelength-aware 3D RoPE to encode relative wavelength and spatial relationships, enabling fine-grained spatial-spectral modeling within a shared coordinate system. We further construct MultiHyper-200K, a large-scale multi-sensor HSI dataset, and pretrain SpecUltra using auxiliary-token-assisted mask image modeling (MIM), where a level token indicates the radiometric product type and register tokens absorb sensor- and acquisition-dependent variations. To bridge the spectral-granularity gap between HSI and MSI, we introduce Spectral Kernel Transformation (SKT), which transfers pretrained knowledge in parameter space by constructing MSI embedding kernels from fine-grained HSI-pretrained kernel slices. This design preserves pretrained spectral priors while maintaining compatibility with the pretrained backbone. Experiments on HSI and MSI classification and segmentation benchmarks demonstrate state-of-the-art or competitive performance across disparate sensors and downstream tasks.

cs.CV

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.36448

更新于 2026-10-28

Theory on Attention Dynamics for Out-of-Distribution In-Context Learning

Junze Deng, Daouda Sow, Sen Lin, Yingbin Liang

原文摘要

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, enabling them to perform new tasks without additional fine-tuning. However, their performance often deteriorates when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs that deviate from the training distribution, and the underlying theory remains poorly understood. To fill this gap, we characterize the OOD error under the input distribution shift through the interplay between the dynamics of the so-called $α$-type and $β$-type attention weights, which represent the transformer's confidence in identifying the correct and incorrect features, respectively. Our results indicate that the OOD error for each feature depends on all pairwise interactions between the training features and OOD features, and under certain cases the transformer performs no better than random guessing. To improve the OOD generalization performance, we next investigate the impact of model fine-tuning with the OOD data, and particularly, characterize the model forgetting performance on the source domain. Interestingly, the performance on the source domain may not always degrade after fine-tuning, which highly depends on the nature of the feature shift: fine-tuning on OOD domain keeps enhancing the confidence of identifying correct features from the original distribution, while the interference from other incorrect features may either increase or decrease. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real data are conducted to corroborate the theoretical insights.

cs.LG

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1077ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

来源日期 2026-07-01（仅到月份）

TED-TTS: Training-Free Intra-Utterance Emotion and Duration Control for Text-to-Speech Synthesis

Qifan Liang, Yuansen Liu, Ruixin Wei national university of singaore, National University of Singapore, Nan Lu, Junchuan Zhao, Ye Wang

原文摘要

While controllable Text-to-Speech (TTS) has achieved notable progress, most existing methods remain limited to inter-utterance-level control, making fine-grained intra-utterance expression challenging due to their reliance on non-public datasets or complex multi-stage training. In this paper, we propose TED-TTS, a training-free controllable framework for pretrained zero-shot TTS to enable intra-utterance emotion and duration expression. Specifically, we propose a segment-aware emotion conditioning strategy that combines causal masking with monotonic stream alignment filtering to isolate emotion conditioning and schedule mask transitions, enabling smooth intra-utterance emotion shifts while preserving global semantic coherence. Based on this, we further propose a segment-aware duration steering strategy to combine local duration embedding steering with global EOS logit modulation, allowing local duration adjustment while ensuring globally consistent termination. To eliminate the need for segment-level manual prompt engineering, we construct a 30,000-sample multi-emotion and duration-annotated text dataset to enable LLM-based automatic prompt construction. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our training-free method not only achieves state-of-the-art intra-utterance consistency in multi-emotion and duration control, but also maintains baseline-level speech quality of the underlying TTS model. Audio samples are available at https://aclanonymous111.github.io/TED-TTS-DemoPage/.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1476ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

来源日期 2026-07-01（仅到月份）

GQLBench: A Large-Scale Cross-Domain, Cross-Dialect Benchmark for NL2GQL

Yanning Su Fudan University, Yuhang Zhou, Yang Fang, Sen Liu Fudan University, Guangnan Ye Fudan University, Hongfeng Chai Fudan University

原文摘要

Despite growing interest in NL2GQL, benchmarking progress has been constrained by the lack of resources that are simultaneously large-scale, cross-domain, and cross-dialect. To address this gap, we present GQLBench, a new benchmark built through an automated and scalable framework that integrates NL2SQL-to-NL2GQL conversion with graph-native data generation. GQLBench supports execution-based evaluation on both Cypher and ISO-GQL, covering hundreds of graph databases and over 20k natural language questions for each dialect. By combining converted data from mature NL2SQL resources with synthetic graph-specific queries, it captures both schema diversity from real-world relational sources and graph-native reasoning challenges, including long paths and cycles. Beyond overall performance comparison, GQLBench also enables fine-grained evaluation across dialects, graph patterns, and query complexity. Experiments on advanced LLMs show that even strong proprietary models struggle on GQLBench, with gemini-3-flash achieving only 35.40% average execution accuracy across the two dialects. Our data and code are available at https://github.com/qxssadf/GQLBench.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

记录更新 · 记录 #2ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1698ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

来源日期 2026-07-01（仅到月份）

Reasoning Hijacking: The Fragility of Reasoning Alignment in Large Language Models

Yuansen Liu, Yixuan Tang National University of Singapore, Anthony Kum Hoe Tung National University of Singapore

原文摘要

Current LLM safety research predominantly focuses on mitigating Goal Hijacking, preventing attackers from redirecting a model’s high-level objective (e.g., from “summarizing emails” to “phishing users”). In this paper, we argue that this perspective is incomplete and highlight a critical vulnerability in Reasoning Alignment. We expose the inherent fragility of current alignment techniques by proposing a new adversarial prompt attack paradigm: Reasoning Hijacking. To demonstrate this vulnerability, we instantiate it via the Criteria Attack, which subverts model judgments by injecting spurious decision criteria without altering the high-level task goal. Unlike Goal Hijacking, which attempts to override the system prompt, Reasoning Hijacking keeps the task goal intact but manipulates the model’s decision-making logic by injecting spurious reasoning shortcuts. Through extensive experiments on three different tasks (toxic comment, negative review, and spam detection), we demonstrate that even state-of-the-art models are highly fragile, consistently prioritizing injected heuristic shortcuts over rigorous semantic analysis. Crucially, because the model’s explicit intent remains aligned with the user’s instructions, these attacks can bypass defenses designed to detect goal deviation (e.g., SecAlign, StruQ), revealing a fundamental blind spot in the current safety landscape. Data and code are available at https://github.com/Yuan-Hou/criteria_attack.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.1722ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

来源日期 2026-07-01（仅到月份）

Glyph: Scaling Context Windows via Visual-Text Compression

Jiale Cheng, Yusen Liu, Xinyu Zhang, Yulin Fei The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Wenyi Hong Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Ruiliang Lyu Zhipu AI, Weihan Wang, Zhe Su 等 14 位作者

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) conventionally represent text as sequences of discrete tokens, making long-context scaling largely a matter of processing more tokens more efficiently.We instead explore a complementary direction: increasing how much original context each token represents.To this end, we introduce Glyph, a framework that renders long texts into compact visual pages and processes them with a vision-language model (VLM), allowing a fixed context window to cover substantially more text.To make visual compression practical, Glyph combines continual pre-training on rendered long-text data, an LLM-driven genetic search to identify rendering configurations that balance compression and task performance, and post-training with supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning.Across multiple long-context benchmarks, Glyph achieves 3–4× token compression while maintaining performance comparable to strong text-only LLMs such as Qwen3-8B, with over 4× faster prefilling and decoding and 2× faster supervised fine-tuning.Under more aggressive compression, a VLM with a 128K context window can handle tasks that would otherwise require up to 1M input tokens.Our code and model are released at https://github.com/thu-coai/Glyph.

cs.CL · cs.CV

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.634ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

来源日期 2026-07-01（仅到月份）

How Tokenization Limits Phonological Knowledge Representation in Language Models and How to Improve Them

Disen Liao, Freda Shi Vector Institute and University of Waterloo

原文摘要

Tokenization is the first step in every language model (LM), yet it never takes the sounds of words into account. We investigate how tokenization influences text-only LMs’ ability to represent phonological knowledge. Through a series of probing experiments, we show that subword-based tokenization systematically weakens the encoding of both local (e.g., rhyme) and global (e.g., syllabification) phonological features. To quantify this effect, we introduce the syllabification-tokenization alignment distance (STAD), a metric that measures the misalignment between a model’s tokenization and the natural syllable boundaries of words, and find that higher misalignment correlates with poorer phonological representations, providing a simple diagnostic for phonology-aware tokenization. To address these limitations, we propose a lightweight IPA-based fine-tuning method that infuses phonological awareness into LMs, leading to consistent improvements across three phonology-related tasks while largely preserving math and general reasoning ability, with 1.1% and 0.9% drops on GSM8K and MMLU, respectively.[Our code is available at https://github.com/liaodisen/Tokenization-Phonology]

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.788ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

来源日期 2026-07-01（仅到月份）

Your Reasoning Model is Secretly a Reward Model - Optimization-Free Verification from Experience

Zhenwen Liang Tencent AI Lab, Ruosen Li University of Texas at Dallas, Yujun Zhou University of Notre Dame, Linfeng Song Google, Dian Yu Tencent AI Lab, Xinya Du University of Texas at Dallas, Haitao Mi Tencent AI Lab, Dong Yu CapitalOne

原文摘要

Assessing the quality of Large Language Model (LLM) outputs becomes especially challenging in high-branching settings, where a single prompt yields many plausible candidates. Existing verifiers typically operate on the surface text (e.g., reward models, LLM judges, majority voting) or on confidence proxies derived from token probabilities, both of which can be brittle: the former can be influenced by stylistic artifacts, while the latter is often miscalibrated. In this paper, we study a third source of information—the model’s hidden states—for binary correctness verification in tasks with a reliable success/failure signal (e.g., deterministic checkers or reference-grounded answers). We find that correct and incorrect solutions exhibit measurable geometric differences in their hidden-state trajectories. To isolate this signal with minimal modeling assumptions, we introduce Clue (Clustering and Experience-based Verification), a training-free, non-parametric verifier. Clue summarizes each reasoning trace by an activation delta—the difference between hidden states at the start and end of the explicit reasoning span—and predicts correctness by comparing this delta to two class centroids computed from labeled experience. Across math (AIME 24/25), scientific QA (GPQA), and a multi-domain benchmark (WebInstruct-verified), Clue improves selection and reranking, with particularly strong gains on smaller or less-calibrated models. For example, on AIME 24 with a 1.5B model, Clue raises accuracy from 56.7% (majority@64) to 70.0% (top-maj@16).

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表