arXiv:2610.34158 · v2

Last-Iterate Stationarity of Muon with Finitely Many Newton-Schulz Iterations

首次提交 2026-10-25 16:40

版本更新 2026-11-04 11:01

雷达观测 2026-11-05 10:08

摘要

Muon has demonstrated strong empirical performance in large-scale language-model training, motivating a deeper theoretical understanding of its practical implementation. Unlike the idealized polar-factor update, practical Muon employs a fixed number of quintic Newton-Schulz iterations. Existing analyses primarily establish average- or best-iterate stationarity guarantees, while last-iterate convergence remains less understood. In this work, we investigate last-iterate gradient convergence of practical finite-step Muon on smooth, lower-bounded nonconvex objectives. In the deterministic setting, we show that Muon without input stabilization can exhibit cyclic behavior even on a smooth convex quadratic. In contrast, with positive stabilization, we establish last-iterate gradient convergence and square-summability of gradients for any fixed momentum coefficient below one and a sufficiently small constant learning rate. In the stochastic setting, we first demonstrate that persistent bounded, unbiased noise can prevent convergence under fixed learning rates and momentum, even with positive stabilization. We then establish almost-sure and mean-square last-iterate gradient convergence under bounded-variance stochastic gradients by combining diminishing learning rates with increasing momentum. Finally, we construct a smooth counterexample demonstrating that neither convergence theorem implies a pointwise polynomial convergence rate. Nevertheless, we establish density-one convergence rates, guaranteeing polynomial gradient decay for all but an asymptotically vanishing fraction of iterations.