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版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.08866

ArkEval: Benchmarking and Evaluating Automated CodeRepair for ArkTS

Bang Xie, Senjian Zhang, Zhiyuan Peng, Wei Chen, Xin Yin, Chenhao Ying, Yuan Luo

原文摘要

Large language models have transformed code generation, enabling unprecedented automation in software development. As mobile ecosystems evolve, HarmonyOS has emerged as a critical platform requiring robust development tools. Software development for the HarmonyOS ecosystem relies heavily on ArkTS, a statically typed extension of TypeScript. Despite its growing importance, the ecosystem lacks robust tools for automated code repair, primarily due to the absence of a high-quality benchmark for evaluation. To address this gap, we present ArkEval, a unified framework for ArkTS automated repair workflow evaluation and benchmark construction. It provides the first comprehensive benchmark specifically designed for ArkTS automated program repair. We constructed this benchmark by mining issues from a large-scale official Huawei repository containing over 400 independent ArkTS applications. Through a rigorous multi-stage filtering process, we curated 502 reproducible issues. To ensure testability, we employed a novel LLM-based test generation and voting mechanism involving Claude and other models. Furthermore, we standardized problem statements to facilitate fair evaluation. Finally, we evaluated four state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) on our benchmark using a retrieval-augmented repair workflow. Our results highlight the current capabilities and limitations of LLMs in repairing ArkTS code, paving the way for future research in this low-resource language domain.

cs.SE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.00496

Effect of Temporal Resolution on Zero-Shot Semantic Understanding of Rapid Human Actions

Yongpeng Cao, Yuji Yamakawa

原文摘要

Understanding human actions from visual observations is essential for human-robot interaction, particularly when semantic interpretation of unfamiliar or hard-to-annotate actions is required. For rapid or less common activities, collecting sufficient labeled data for supervised learning is challenging, making zero-shot approaches a practical alternative for semantic understanding without task-specific training. While recent advances in large-scale pre-trained models enable such zero-shot reasoning, the impact of temporal resolution, especially for rapid and fine-grained motions, remains underexplored. In this study, we investigate temporal-resolution conditions for zero-shot semantic understanding of high-speed human actions. Using kendo as a representative case of rapid and subtle motion patterns, we propose a training-free pipeline that combines a pre-trained video-language model for semantic representation with large language model-based reasoning for pairwise action comparison. Our primary experiment evaluates full-observation raw videos from 10 to 120 Hz in 10-Hz increments. Nearest class prototype (NCP) accuracy is highest at 120 Hz, and the mean over 70-120 Hz is higher than that over 10-60 Hz. The corresponding mean prototype margin changes from -5.74 to +2.52 similarity-score points between these two halves and is also highest at 120 Hz. Secondary experiments show that tracking overlays reduce mean full-observation performance but improve mean partial-observation performance. These findings provide preliminary evidence that retaining high-temporal-resolution visual information can benefit training-free semantic understanding of rapid human actions.

cs.CV · cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2402.04251

Linear-time Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding with Reference Aggregation

Jannis Vamvas, Rico Sennrich

原文摘要

Minimum Bayes Risk (MBR) decoding is a text generation technique that has been shown to improve the quality of machine translations, but is expensive, even if a sampling-based approximation is used. Besides requiring a large number of sampled sequences, it requires the pairwise calculation of a utility metric, which has quadratic complexity. In this paper, we propose to approximate pairwise metric scores with scores calculated against aggregated reference representations. This changes the complexity of utility estimation from $O(n^2)$ to $O(n)$, while empirically preserving most of the quality gains of MBR decoding. We release our source code at https://github.com/ZurichNLP/mbr

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.19291

Factor Augmented High-Dimensional SGD

Shubo Li, Yuefeng Han, Xiufan Yu

原文摘要

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a fundamental optimization algorithm widely used in modern machine learning. In this paper, we propose Factor-Augmented SGD (FSGD), a new optimization method that leverages latent factor representations in high-dimensional learning tasks. Unlike standard two-stage dimension reduction approaches that rely on offline representation learning and full data storage, a key novelty of FSGD is that it operates purely on streaming data, making it scalable to large-scale and high-dimensional problems. Furthermore, we establish the first theoretical framework that explicitly incorporates latent factor estimation error into the analysis of SGD, and provide moment convergence in $\ell^s$ norm under decaying step sizes and mini-batch updates. Our results provide a new foundation for employing SGD reliably and scalably in high-dimensional machine learning systems.

stat.ML · cs.LG · math.ST

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.24150

Acceptance-Aware Draft Model Training for Speculative Decoding

Tianhua Xia, Mugilan Ganesan, Yifei Feng, Haiyu Wang, Maximilian Egger, Sai Qian Zhang

原文摘要

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a lightweight draft model to generate multiple candidate tokens that are verified by the target model in a single forward pass. Its speedup is largely determined by the acceptance length, yet existing draft-model training methods mainly optimize cross-entropy or Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as proxies. These objectives encourage distribution matching but do not directly optimize acceptance length, and the acceptance mechanism also differs between greedy and sampling-based decoding. In this work, we propose acceptance-length-aware training losses that directly optimize the expected number of accepted tokens within a speculative window. For greedy verification, we derive an expected accepted length (EAL) loss that explicitly maximizes expected acceptance length. For sampling-based decoding, we introduce a window total variation (WTV) loss that optimizes the overlap between temperature-scaled draft and target distributions while accounting for sequential acceptance dependencies. Both objectives can be further combined with a group-relative reinforcement learning stage (GRPO) using simulated acceptance length as the reward. Experiments across different target and draft models, tasks, and decoding settings show that our losses consistently improve acceptance length over KL-based training. WTV provides particularly strong gains under sampling-based decoding, while EAL better matches greedy verification. These results show that directly optimizing the acceptance objective, with losses tailored to the decoding mode, is more effective than conventional distribution-matching objectives.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2610.05651

Distributed Hybrid Quantum-Classical Optimization for Robust AoII Minimization in Satellite-Ground Integrated Edge Networks

Mohammad Arif Hossain, Tanzimul Alam Fahim, Weiqi Liu, Nirwan Ansari

原文摘要

Edge servers acting on monitored processes need estimates that are correct, not just recent. In satellite-ground integrated networks (SGINs), handover and shadowing interrupt links long enough for the process to change state several times, motivating the age of incorrect information (AoII). We formulate VANGUARD, a robust problem that jointly sets update rates, association, and bandwidth to minimize the worst-case AoII across disruption scenarios, and we solve it with SENTINEL, a distributed hybrid quantum-classical procedure. A renewal-interval decomposition yields a closed-form cost per delivery interval for AoII. The minimax is dualized into classically updated scenario weights, so each domain solves a linear assignment encoded as a compact quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem with XY-mixer-enforced one-hot constraints; domains are coordinated by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), and every schedule is certified by its exact worst-case AoII. Under Starlink passes and the 3GPP TR 38.811 channel, the certificate held in 98.7\% of epochs, and the robust one was 2 to 7\% below the nominal one at no cost in realized AoII. The compact encoding uses four to six times fewer qubits than an epigraph encoding; thirteen domains, each 8 to 38 qubits, run on IBM Heron processors and are decoded to the exact optimum.

cs.NI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.10602

Agentic discrete-event simulation for manufacturing system design: an open 3D simulator, a benchmark and an industrial case

Javier Pernas-Álvarez, Diego Crespo-Pereira

原文摘要

The design of manufacturing systems relies on discrete-event simulation (DES) models that experts still build in tool-specific interfaces. AI agents can now write simulation code, but every model they write from scratch is new, unverified software. We present SimuLean, an open-source 3D DES simulator on the Unity engine designed to be programmed by AI agents: its modelling semantics are verified once, in the platform, and the agent builds and studies one model through domain-level commands, in the 3D scene or headless; physically simulated durations are calibrated for fast headless studies. We evaluated it on 18 manufacturing modelling tasks, from single machines to published production lines. A frontier agent built valid models in 93 of 108 attempts (86%), in about two minutes each; on the benchmark's interface version, two frontier agents built 105 of 108 models through domain commands alone, so that each comes with a record of how it was built. Every residual failure was silent - a model that builds and runs but answers wrongly - and only comparison with reference models revealed them all. In an industrial case, one agent working alone rebuilt, verified and studied a robotised welding workshop from a published study, in SimuLean and in SimPy. Comparing them with the published, expert-built model exposed an error in it; against the corrected model, the agent-built models agree within 1%. One agent can already build complete, realistic and traceable models for the design of manufacturing systems; independent reference models are what make them trustworthy.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2609.15664

CIDERS: Cloud-Edge LLM Collaborative Learning via Accelerating Personalized Bilevel Optimization

Victor H. Chen, Hairui Yu, Stella K. Chung, Hong Yan

原文摘要

Amid the rapid advancement of physical-world intelligence, cloud-edge collaborative large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising roadmap for practical LLM deployment. However, existing cloud-edge paradigms struggle to balance global consensus with local personalization, which fails to satisfy the need for a unified knowledge foundation on the cloud and domain-specific adaptation at the edge. To address this, we introduce, for the first time, a personalized bilevel optimization framework that formalizes cloud-edge LLM collaboration as a dual structure: the upper level optimizes edge-side personalization, while the lower level governs cloud-side knowledge transfer, reaching cloud-edge evolving in coordination. We then propose CIDERS, an efficient solver that decomposes the model into a learnable backbone and a messenger. While the cloud performs knowledge transfer to the learnable backbone, the key lies in embedding global trajectories into each local personalization step via consensus-variate correction to reconcile personalization with consensus. We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis, including a geometric characterization of the local trajectory and a full convergence guarantee, revealing an explicit trade-off structure between personalization and global convergence. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CIDERS consistently outperforms competitive baselines on the compressed edge path, with 3.1x and 1.7x gains on mathematical reasoning and code generation, respectively, and a 10\% relative gain on instruction metrics. Mechanism experiments attribute these gains to early consensus-corrected coordination and task-aware distillation. Overall, CIDERS offers a viable path toward consensus-guided continuous personalization in cloud-edge LLM systems.

cs.DC · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2604.15319

Explainable Iterative Data Visualization Refinement via an LLM Agent

Burak Susam, Tingting Mu

原文摘要

Exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data relies on embedding the data into a low-dimensional space, based on which a visualization plot is produced to uncover meaningful structures and to communicate geometric and distributional data characteristics. Finding a suitable embedding algorithm configuration, particularly the hyperparameter setting, to produce a visualization plot that faithfully represents the underlying reality and encourages pattern discovery is labor-intensive and requires domain knowledge. To ease this burden, we propose an agentic AI pipeline that integrates rigorous quantitative assessment with large language model (LLM) based approximation of qualitative human judgment and insight. By treating visualization evaluation and hyperparameter optimization as a semantic task, our system generates a multi-faceted report that contextualizes quantitative metrics with descriptive summaries, and suggests actionable recommendations of algorithm configuration for refining data visualization. Through an iterative refinement loop, the system rapidly produces a high-quality visualization plot in full automation.

cs.HC · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2607.00033

Learning Dexterous Manipulation Using Contact Wrench Guidance From Human Demonstration

Xinghao Zhu, Zixi Liu, Shalin Jain, Chenran Li, Milad Noori, Michael Andres Lin, Huihua Zhao, John Welsh 等 21 位作者

原文摘要

Dexterous robot manipulation can benefit from the abundance of human demonstrations, but transferring such demonstrations to robot policies remains challenging. We present Contact Wrench Guidance from Human Demonstration in Robotic Dexterous Manipulation (CHORD), a framework for long-horizon manipulation of rigid and articulated objects with reinforcement learning. The key idea is object-centric contact wrench space guidance: we represent human and robot motions by the forces and torques they can induce on the object, enabling similarity to be measured by the induced instantaneous motions. This guidance makes reinforcement learning more scalable for contact-rich dexterous manipulation. We further introduce a large-scale simulation benchmark with 4,739 bimanual dexterous manipulation tasks, constructed from motion-capture datasets and reconstructed in-house videos. Evaluated on 1,831 benchmark tasks, CHORD achieves an average success rate of 82.12%, demonstrating strong scalability. CHORD also generalizes to whole-body manipulation from hand-only and third-person demonstrations, achieving a 90.77% success rate, and the learned policies transfer to the real world in both open-loop and closed-loop settings.

cs.RO · cs.AI · cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2504.18598

BadMoE: Backdooring Mixture-of-Experts LLMs via Routing-Aware Triggers and Task-Underutilized Experts

Qingyue Wang, Qi Pang, Xixun Lin, Shuai Wang, Daoyuan Wu

原文摘要

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures are rapidly becoming the standard for building scalable and efficient large language models (LLMs), thanks to their routing mechanism that activates only a subset of experts for each input. However, the modular structure and sparse activation of experts also introduce new security risks, as manipulating a small portion of experts may influence the behavior. In this work, we study a white-box, task-specific model-supply-chain setting and propose BadMoE, a routing-aware backdoor attack against MoE LLMs. We motivate BadMoE through a routing-aware decomposition of the MoE-layer output, which separates the contributions of the selected target experts from those of the remaining experts. This analysis highlights two measurable factors underlying the attack: the routing mass assigned to the target experts and their relative contribution to the layer output. Guided by this insight, BadMoE selects task-underutilized experts and utilizes routing-aware triggers to activate them, enabling reliable activation of task-specific, predefined backdoor behaviors. Specifically, BadMoE involves three steps: 1) identifying experts with low usage on a target-task calibration set, 2) optimizing a routing-aware trigger toward these experts, and 3) associating the selected-expert activations with attacker-specified behavior. We evaluate BadMoE on Mixtral, OLMoE, and Deepseek across sentiment, topic, and emotion classification, sentiment steering, and targeted refusal.

cs.CR · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2611.05726

Do Language Models Know Which Constraints Belong Together?

Junbo Jacob Lian, Kaixuan Chen, Hanzhang Qin, Huiling Chen, Chaoyu Zhang, Chung-Piaw Teo

原文摘要

Dantzig--Wolfe reformulation strengthens the linear relaxation of a mixed-integer program by convexifying constraint families, and each candidate costs a column generation run. The choice is hard when families strengthen the bound only together, as in classical lot-sizing, network-design, and facility-location formulations. We prove that when an evaluation convexifies at most $s$ of $k$ families, methods that observe only bounds need of order $k^w$ evaluations to find a hidden group of $w$ families in the worst case. A prediction missing $e$ members reduces this to $Θ(k^e)$ through a staged search that need not know $e$. The orders extend to several groups, prices, and growing evaluation costs. We study two predictors: a lookahead at an optimal LP dual, which vanishes on groups whose families share no variable, and language models reading the model, verified by the staged search in JointDW. Such groups appear in three of ten MIPLIB-NL models whose bound can be improved and in all 59 benchmark instances. Given the coefficients of models with up to 16 families, one language model names a true group first in 249 of 252 answers. On the benchmark instances, decompositions chosen by language models from the text solve faster than those of GCG's detector.

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.DS · math.OC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2607.21067

PrefReward: Learning User Preference Matrix for Personalized Text Generation

Yue Wu, Chengbing Wang, Yimeng Bai, Xiaoyan Zhao, Yang Zhang, Fuli Feng

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable ability in generating personalized content by leveraging user histories and contextual cues. However, most existing personalization approaches rely on implicit representations within model parameters, making it difficult to interpret user-specific preferences or effectively handle long-context dependencies. To address these challenges, we propose PrefReward, a novel preference-aware generative framework that explicitly models user styles through a structured preference matrix and integrates it into the decoding process as a reward signal. PrefReward consists of two stages: (1) extracting a user-specific preference matrix that summarizes individual stylistic tendencies, and (2) using the matrix to guide generation via a KL-divergence-based reward function. Experiments on the LongLaMP dataset show that PrefReward outperforms retrieval-based baselines and context steering method in both generation quality and personalization interpretability.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2604.08567

Multi-User Large Language Model Agents

Shu Yang, Shenzhe Zhu, Hao Zhu, José Ramón Enríquez, Di Wang, Alex Pentland, Michiel A. Bakker, Jiaxin Pei

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) and LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed as assistants in planning and decision making, yet most existing systems are implicitly optimized for a single-principal interaction paradigm, in which the model is designed to satisfy the objectives of one dominant user whose instructions are treated as the sole source of authority and utility. However, as they are integrated into team workflows and organizational tools, they are increasingly required to serve multiple users simultaneously, each with distinct roles, preferences, and authority levels, leading to multi-user, multi-principal settings with unavoidable conflicts, information asymmetry, and privacy constraints. In this work, we present the first systematic study of multi-user LLM agents. We begin by formalizing multi-user interaction with LLM agents as a multi-principal decision problem, where a single agent must account for multiple users with potentially conflicting interests and associated challenges. We then introduce a unified multi-user interaction protocol and design three targeted stress-testing scenarios to evaluate current LLMs' capabilities in instruction following, privacy preservation, and coordination. Our results reveal systematic gaps: frontier LLMs frequently fail to maintain stable prioritization under conflicting user objectives, exhibit increasing privacy violations over multi-turn interactions, and suffer from efficiency bottlenecks when coordination requires iterative information gathering.

cs.CL · cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.28063

Unified Synthesis of Compositional Speech and Sound from Free-Form Text Prompts

Yuyue Wang, Xihua Wang, Xin Cheng, Yijing Chen, Ruihua Song

原文摘要

Generating unified audio that naturally integrates speech and sounds from free-form text prompts remains challenging. For example, the prompt ``A fast drum roll ends with a cymbal crash, after which a man shouts: `Come on!'.'' describes several events that should appear in order and form a coherent recording rather than independent tracks that lack coherent temporal and semantic interactions. Current methods broadly follow two paradigms: pipeline methods couple separate text-to-sound and text-to-speech models, while unified models rely on a single generator that still requires structured, multi-field prompt inputs. Both paradigms require upstream prompt decomposition or rewriting, limiting free-form flexibility and risking cascading errors. To enable direct generation from free-form prompts within a single model, we introduce PlanAudio, an end-to-end framework that maps unconstrained free-form text to unified audio without intermediate prompt preprocessing. To address the challenges of direct free-form generation, PlanAudio integrates latent planning into a single autoregressive framework, predicting continuous audio layout before acoustic token synthesis. We construct a large-scale training corpus and introduce Free-Form Unified Audio Generation Benchmark (FUAG) for evaluation, both spanning speech, sound, and joint speech-and-sound generation. Experiments show that a single PlanAudio outperforms existing pipeline and unified baselines on speech-and-sound generation, while remaining competitive with specialist models on speech and sound generation. Further analysis validates the effectiveness of audio layout planning over textual planning, acoustic planning, and direct generation. Sample Available: https://planaudio.github.io/PlanAudio2026/.

cs.SD · cs.AI · cs.MM

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.11166

DexForesight: Grounding Dexterous Policies with Implicit Spatial Foresight

Zhongxi Chen, Yi Yang, Xinyi Chen, Mingzhe Ye, Yaping Li, Zhihong Liu, Congsheng Xu, Haonan Wang 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Dexterous manipulation requires rich spatial foresight over both the surrounding scene and the robot hand. Existing world-action models often acquire such predictive knowledge through explicit future prediction. We introduce DexForesight, a framework that learns spatial foresight implicitly by injecting dynamics-aware world representations into the latent space of a dexterous policy. During training, DexForesight learns an action-conditioned spatial world model from offline scene depth, kinematic hand geometry, and demonstration trajectories. The world model predicts 3D hand-point motion and visual feature changes, capturing both articulated hand dynamics and scene changes under demonstrated actions, including the motion of fingers occluded from the cameras. We then freeze the world model and align policy queries with its predictive world queries, transferring the learned spatial dynamics into policy latents and using them to condition action generation. At deployment, only the policy is retained, operating on RGB observations, language, and robot state without depth input or explicit future prediction. On 11 DexJoCo simulation tasks, DexForesight improves the overall success rate of the base policy from 49.4% to 60.5%. On three real-robot dexterous manipulation tasks, DexForesight achieves 58.3% success, compared with 50.0% for the strongest baseline. Project page https://dexforesight.github.io/

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2511.21098

Pygmalion Effect in Vision: Image-to-Clay Translation for Reflective Geometry Reconstruction

Gayoung Lee, Junho Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Junmo Kim

原文摘要

Understanding reflection remains a long-standing challenge in 3D reconstruction due to the entanglement of appearance and geometry under view-dependent reflections. In this work, we present the Pygmalion Effect in Vision, a novel framework that metaphorically "sculpts" reflective objects into clay-like forms through image-to-clay translation. We then introduce a dual-branch design in which a BRDF-based reflective branch and a clay-guided branch share the same Gaussian geometry but operate through independent rendering paths. The clay-guided branch, supervised by the synthesized clay images, provides reflection-free geometric guidance that complements the photometric supervision of the BRDF branch. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets show consistent improvements in both geometry and photometric metrics. Beyond technical gains, our framework reveals that seeing by unshining, translating radiance into neutrality, can serve as a powerful inductive bias for reflective object geometry learning.

cs.CV · cs.AI · cs.GR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2512.06493

Programmable GPU-Accelerated dApps for Real-Time Edge Inference and ISAC on NVIDIA Aerial Testbed

Davide Villa, Mauro Belgiovine, Nicholas Hedberg, Michele Polese, Chris Dick, Tommaso Melodia

原文摘要

The transition of cellular networks to (i) software-based systems on commodity hardware and (ii) platforms for services beyond connectivity introduces critical system-level challenges. As sensing emerges as a key feature toward 6G standardization, supporting Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) with limited bandwidth and piggybacking on communication signals, while maintaining high reliability and performance, remains a fundamental challenge. In this paper, we provide two key contributions. First, we present a programmable, open-source framework for processing PHY signals through real-time, GPU-accelerated Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications on the edge Radio Access Network (RAN) infrastructure. Building on the Open RAN dApp architecture, the framework interfaces with a GPU-accelerated gNB based on NVIDIA Aerial Testbed (ATB), feeding PHY data to custom AI logic with about 84 $μ$s of framework latency per slot and control loops with inference in about 123 $μ$s for lightweight TensorRT models, multiple inference engines, and support for several AI backends. We evaluate the framework on two GPU platforms, with different GPU sharing modes and an increasing number of cells and dApps. Second, we demonstrate the framework capabilities through cuSense, an indoor localization dApp that consumes uplink DMRS channel estimates, removes static multipath components, and runs a neural network to infer the position of a moving person. Evaluated on a 3GPP-compliant 5G NR deployment, cuSense achieves a mean localization error of 73 cm on runs unseen during training, with 79% of predictions falling within 1 meter, and runs live in 241 $μ$s, without dedicated sensing hardware or modifications to the 5G signals. The framework is released as open source, together with the cuSense dataset, providing a reference design for future AI-native RANs and ISAC applications.

cs.NI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2608.08743

A Distribution Mapping Approach to Counterfactually Fair Reinforcement Learning

Jianhan Zhang, Jitao Wang, John D. Piette, Donglin Zeng, Chengchun Shi, Zhenke Wu

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning (RL) seeks to optimize sequential decisions to maximize population-level benefits over time. However, when deployed in high-stakes settings such as healthcare, RL decisions might systematically restrict some subpopulation's access to valuable services in a manner contrary to the values and goals of stakeholders. Counterfactual fairness (CF) offers a promising framework to address this problem based on causal reasoning. This paper develops a data preprocessing algorithm that, when used in tandem with policy learning, enables CF in RL. Our algorithm relies on a novel quantile distribution mapping method for sequentially estimating the counterfactual states and rewards in the data preprocessing step, subsuming common additivity assumptions used for counterfactual prediction as a special case. We theoretically prove that the per-step level of counterfactual unfairness and infinite-horizon suboptimality gap can be bounded under mild regularity conditions. We also empirically test our algorithm in numerical experiments as well as in application to a real-world interventional digital health dataset.

stat.ML · cs.CY · cs.LG · stat.ME

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2511.08861

EEG-X: Toward Device-Agnostic and Noise-Robust Foundation Model for EEG

Navid Mohammadi Foumani, Soheila Ghane, Nam Nguyen, Mahsa Salehi, Geoffrey I. Webb, Geoffrey Mackellar

原文摘要

Foundation models for EEG analysis are still in their infancy, limited by two key challenges: (1) variability across datasets caused by differences in recording devices and electrode configurations, and (2) the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EEG, where neural activity is often buried under artifacts and non-brain sources. To address these challenges, we present EEG-X, a device-agnostic and noise-robust foundation model for EEG representation learning. EEG-X introduces a location-based channel embedding that enables robust transfer across heterogeneous EEG devices and electrode layouts. To improve robustness against noise, EEG-X employs a novel noise-aware masking-reconstruction strategy that reconstructs artifact-cleaned signals rather than raw noisy EEG and introduces a novel Dictionary-based Convolutional Transformation (DiCT) that improves reconstruction-based pretraining by comparing signals in a structured feature space instead of directly in the raw signal space. Experiments across datasets collected from diverse EEG devices show that EEG-X consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods across multiple downstream tasks and demonstrates strong cross-domain generalization when pretraining and downstream datasets differ in electrode layouts and recording configurations paving the way towards foundation models. The models and code are available at https://github.com/Emotiv/EEG-X.

cs.LG · cs.HC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2604.23195

AnalogRetriever: Learning Cross-Modal Representations for Analog Circuit Retrieval

Yihan Wang, Lei Li, Yao Lai, Jing Wang, Yan Lu

原文摘要

Analog circuit design relies heavily on reusing existing intellectual property (IP), yet searching across heterogeneous representations such as SPICE netlists, schematics, and functional descriptions remains challenging. Existing methods are largely limited to exact matching within a single modality, failing to capture cross-modal semantic relationships. To bridge this gap, we present AnalogRetriever, a unified tri-modal retrieval framework for analog circuit search. We first build a high-quality dataset on top of Masala-CHAI through a two-stage repair pipeline that raises the netlist compile rate from 22.0\% to 99.97\%. Built on this foundation, AnalogRetriever encodes schematics and descriptions with a vision-language model and netlists with a port-aware relational graph convolutional network, mapping all three modalities into a shared embedding space via curriculum contrastive learning. Experiments show that AnalogRetriever achieves an average Recall@1 of 75.2\% across all six cross-modal retrieval directions, significantly outperforming existing baselines. When integrated into the AnalogCoder agentic framework as a retrieval-augmented generation module, it consistently improves functional pass rates and enables previously unsolved tasks to be completed.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2511.22928

Predicting Risks Before They Happen: Vision-Language Reasoning for Autonomous Driving

Jiaxin Liu, Xiangyu Yan, Liang Peng, Lei Yang, Yuechen Luo, Lingjun Zhang, Hangjun Ye, Guang Chen 等 15 位作者

原文摘要

% Waiting until a driving hazard becomes directly visible can leave an autonomous vehicle little time to respond. Observable precursors, such as another vehicle's unexpected braking, can provide evidence of a hidden hazard and an opportunity for earlier risk mitigation. However, existing driving datasets and language reasoning formulations provide limited supervision for connecting these precursors to potential risks and appropriate responses. We introduce PotentialRiskQA, an ego-view driving dataset that marks precursor and risk appearance times and provides structured annotations linking scene evidence, potential risks, and mitigation actions. Building on this dataset, PR-Reasoner trains vision-language models to generate a precursor-centered reasoning chain through scene-level supervision and auxiliary tasks for scene understanding, precursor identification, risk inference, driving suggestions, and meta-actions. Experiments across multiple backbones show improved scene understanding, risk cognition, and action quality, with fewer unsupported risk claims on most models. Ablations show that supervising intermediate reasoning steps further reduces unsupported risk claims and improves action quality beyond scene-level training alone. On NAVSIM, the trained representations improve open-loop planning performance, demonstrating benefits beyond language-based evaluation.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.28207

Pruning and Distilling Mixture-of-Experts into Dense Language Models

Junhyuck Kim, Jihun Yun, Haechan Kim, Gyeongman Kim, Joonghyun Bae, Jaewoong Cho

原文摘要

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is now the dominant architecture for frontier language models, yet it requires all expert parameters to be loaded in memory, making it less preferable for memory-constrained deployment. Existing compression methods reduce the number of experts but the output remains an MoE model with the same fundamental limitation. We present the first systematic framework for converting a trained MoE into a standard fully dense architecture: experts are scored, selected, and grouped, then concatenated into a dense FFN and refined by knowledge distillation from the MoE teacher. We evaluate 7 scoring, 5 grouping, and 2 magnitude scaling methods across a range of selected expert counts on Qwen3-30B-A3B, yielding 350 configurations. We find that the choice of scoring method is the most impactful, with our novel diversity-aware scoring consistently outperforming prior methods on Qwen3-30B-A3B, DeepSeek-V2-Lite, and GPT-OSS-20B. Under a controlled comparison at matched parameter count, MoE-to-dense outperforms dense-to-dense pruning by +6.3 pp in average downstream accuracy after ~4B-token distillation at 1.6x faster training wall-clock speed.

cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.12311

MNN-Pocket-0.3B Technical Report

MNN Team

原文摘要

This technical report presents MNN-Pocket-0.3B, a compact 300M-parameter dense language model designed for efficient on-device deployment and supporting context lengths of up to 32K tokens. With an INT4 deployment footprint of only 173 MB and decoding throughput of up to 466 tokens/s on iPad Pro M5 (Metal), it can be seamlessly integrated into applications on edge devices such as smartphones and smart glasses. MNN-Pocket-0.3B is developed through the co-design of its architecture, data, training pipeline, and inference system. Hardware-aware architecture selection and dependency-aware vocabulary pruning balance model capability with on-device memory and compute constraints. A four-stage pre-training pipeline covering approximately 4.1 trillion high-quality Chinese and English tokens equips the model with broad knowledge and reasoning capabilities. This is followed by a three-stage post-training pipeline comprising instruction fine-tuning, multi-teacher on-policy distillation, and quantization-aware training. Finally, hardware-specific optimizations in the MNN inference engine enable fast, memory-efficient inference and long-context processing. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that MNN-Pocket-0.3B achieves frontier-level performance among models of comparable size, with particularly strong results in Chinese and English knowledge and reasoning, mathematics, coding, and instruction following. It consistently outperforms similarly sized open-source models and even surpasses several 0.5B-parameter models on instruction-following benchmarks. We release MNN-Pocket-0.3B with open weights and ready-to-use MNN deployment packages. We hope it will provide a practical foundation for capable, responsive, and memory-efficient edge applications while advancing research and development in on-device language models.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2608.03185

CRIL-U-Net: Compact Ratio-Interaction Learning for Focal Cortical Dysplasia Segmentation from T1w and FLAIR MRI

Soumen Ghosh, Subhojit Mandal, Tilottama Goswami, Amit Soni Arya, John Phamnguyen, Rajat Vashistha

原文摘要

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type II is an important cause of drug-resistant focal epilepsy, but its small size and subtle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance make automated segmentation difficult. Conventional multimodal networks concatenate T1-weighted (T1w) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images and rely on subsequent layers to learn their relationships implicitly. We propose Compact Ratio-Interaction Learning U-Net (CRIL-U-Net), a 3D U-Net extension incorporating a Compact Ratio-Interaction Learning module that combines local spatial features, voxel-wise cross-modal mixing, and bidirectional ratio-inspired interactions. CRIL-U-Net was compared with a 3D U-Net and a U-Net with input-level self-attention using five-fold cross-validation on 85 FCD subjects and 25 healthy controls. Each architecture was trained independently with Dice-binary cross-entropy (Dice-BCE) and Focal Tversky-Focal (FTF) losses. With FTF, CRIL-U-Net achieved the highest mean Dice score ($0.196\pm0.262$), compared with $0.136\pm0.224$ for the U-Net and $0.135\pm0.214$ for the attention comparator. It localised 44 of 85 lesions, compared with 36 for the U-Net, and significantly outperformed both comparison architectures after false-discovery-rate correction. CRIL adds only 4,320 parameters to the backbone, indicating that compact cross-modal representation learning can improve FCD segmentation when combined with an imbalance-aware objective. The remaining 48.2\% miss rate nevertheless requires further methodological development and external validation.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.33135

MpFA: Hardware-Efficient Train-Free QK4V8 FlashAttention Kernels on Blackwell GPUs

Chencheng Deng, Jianbin Fang, Dezun Dong

原文摘要

Long-context LLM inference pushes modern GPU serving stacks into an attention-bound regime, where both compute and memory are dominated by the softmax-GEMM pipeline. On NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs, FP4 Tensor Cores offer high matmul throughput, but we find that fully FP4 attention often fails to translate this throughput into end-to-end speedups due to non-matmul costs: online quantization after softmax, tensor/shared-memory data movement, and contention on the softmax path. We present MpFA, a training-free FlashAttention kernel optimized for Blackwell. Guided by hardware characterization, MpFA uses mixed precision: NVFP4 for QK and FP8 for PV (QK4PV8). This preserves low-bit QK throughput while avoiding the conversion and scaling overheads of FP4 PV. To recover accuracy without further stressing the softmax pipeline, MpFA introduces rank-one smoothing compensation implemented as an additional Tensor Core MMA. MpFA further improves performance with a fine-grained asynchronous pipeline, tensor-memory reuse, and adaptive parallel partitioning across prefill and decode. On an NVIDIA SM100 GPU and across 16K-128K contexts, MpFA improves prefill throughput over state-of-the-art BF16/FP8 baselines and increases end-to-end output throughput by 2.81$\times$ over BF16 FA4 across Llama-3.1-8B and Qwen3-14B. Across five benchmark suites and two models, rank-one compensation recovers 62.5% of the accuracy loss with about 2.0% kernel overhead.

cs.DC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2610.31303

The Value of Memory in Language Agents

Zehao Lin, Erenkai Zhu, Helan Hu, Xixuan Hao, Chunyu Li, Linyun Liu, Kai Chen, Chenxu Du 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Language agents carry information from past experience into future tasks whose demands may be unknown or change over time. We develop a decision-theoretic account of the capability available in history, retained in storage and realized through use, together with the costs of recovery and revision. Drawing on comparison of statistical experiments, information acquisition and the value of computation, we express these values in units of avoided task loss. Recovery and revision define attainable risk-cost profiles and preservation across uses. A cost-aware simulation condition and five minimal counterexamples establish how information timing, access, computation, feedback and demand shape these comparisons; a pointer with zero answer mutual information can reduce the cost of exact recovery. Allocation and recovery criteria identify when gains pay for estimation, selection and evidence access. Complete-split studies on LoCoMo, LongMemEval-S and PersonaMem cover 3,075 questions and two readers. They show complementary value from saved state and recovered evidence, task-dependent performance orderings, and the role of reuse in amortizing construction costs. Multi-project workflows connect correction to preservation and validation costs. Together, the theory and studies support decisions about what to retain, which recovery options to preserve, and how to adapt memory as evidence and objectives evolve.

cs.AI · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.02977

Aligning Forest and Trees in Images & Long Captions for Visually Grounded Understanding

Byeongju Woo, Zilin Wang, Byeonghyun Pak, Sangwoo Mo, Stella X. Yu

原文摘要

Vision-language models such as CLIP often struggle to faithfully understand long, detail-rich captions, relying on dominant scene cues while overlooking fine-grained visual evidence. We propose a hierarchical vision-language learning principle for understanding scenes as part-to-whole compositions: before forming a whole-scene representation, a model should uncover what semantic parts appear where in the image. To this end, we propose CAFT (Cross-domain Alignment of Forest and Trees), a vision-language model that jointly learns local text-region alignment at intermediate representations and global image-text alignment at the final representation. Exploiting the organization of long captions, where local descriptions often correspond to scene parts, CAFT employs a fine-to-coarse image encoder and a part-whole text encoder to discover localized part semantics and progressively compose them into a global image-text representation. Trained on 30M image-text pairs, CAFT achieves state-of-the-art performance on six long-text retrieval benchmarks and exhibits strong scaling behavior. Experiments show that CAFT learns fine-grained representations that localize textual semantics in image regions without explicit region-level supervision.

cs.CV · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2608.03720

Detecting Hallucinations and Recovering Verified Answers in Arabic Islamic Question Answering

Khaled Ziani

原文摘要

Large language models can generate fluent responses to Islamic questions while introducing factual errors that are difficult to identify. This paper presents our system for \textsc{HalluScoring 2026} Task 2.1, \textit{Islamic Hallucination Detection and Find the Truth}. The task requires a unified two-step prediction: determining whether an Arabic answer generated by an LLM is hallucinated and selecting the verified answer from six closely related candidate options. We use the Islamic knowledge dataset provided by the shared task, which contains 600 question--answer instances, including 341 hallucinated and 259 non-hallucinated answers. Our system is based on the fine-tuned \texttt{google/gemma-4-12B-it} model and uses deterministic decoding during inference. The generated outputs are normalized to extract the hallucination label and the selected option. The system achieves a Macro-F1 score of 0.928 and a label accuracy of 0.935 for hallucination detection, together with an option accuracy of 0.895 for answer selection. These results yield a combined score of 0.912, demonstrating strong performance across both stages of the task. The lower option-selection accuracy indicates that distinguishing the verified answer from plausible alternatives remains more challenging than detecting hallucinated responses.

cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2602.08896

OmniReview: A Large-scale Benchmark and LLM-enhanced Framework for Realistic Reviewer Recommendation

Yehua Huang, Penglei Sun, Zebin Chen, Zhenheng Tang, Xiaowen Chu

原文摘要

Academic peer review remains the cornerstone of scholarly validation, yet the field faces some challenges in data and methods. From the data perspective, existing research is hindered by the scarcity of large-scale, verified benchmarks and oversimplified evaluation metrics that fail to reflect real-world editorial workflows. To bridge this gap, we present OmniReview, a comprehensive dataset constructed by integrating multi-source academic platforms encompassing comprehensive scholarly profiles through the disambiguation pipeline, yielding 202, 756 verified review records. Based on this data, we introduce a three-tier hierarchical evaluaion framework to assess recommendations from recall to precise expert identification. From the method perspective, existing embedding-based approaches suffer from the information bottleneck of semantic compression and limited interpretability. To resolve these method limitations, we propose Profiling Scholars with Multi-gate Mixture-of-Experts (Pro-MMoE), a novel framework that synergizes Large Language Models (LLMs) with Multi-task Learning. Specifically, it utilizes LLM-generated semantic profiles to preserve fine-grained expertise nuances and interpretability, while employing a Task-Adaptive MMoE architecture to dynamically balance conflicting evaluation goals. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that Pro-MMoE achieves state-of-the-art performance across six of seven metrics, establishing a new benchmark for realistic reviewer recommendation.

cs.IR · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗