Partially Dynamic Single-Source Shortest Paths in Almost-Linear Time
Bin Cui, Hanqing Li, Xupeng Miao, Haoze Wang
原文摘要
We study $(1+ε)$-approximate single-source distances in directed graphs with positive integer edge weights in $[1,W]$. For every $0<ε\le1$, we give deterministic data structures for either edge insertions or edge deletions with total update time $m^{1+o(1)}ε^{-1}\log W$, where $m\ge n$ bounds the total number of initially present and inserted edges. Both structures explicitly maintain approximate distance estimates, answer distance queries in constant time, and identify unreachable vertices exactly. The incremental structure additionally reports a simple $(1+ε)$-approximate source path $P$ in $O(|P|)$ time. Our decremental structure gives the first almost-linear-time algorithm. It improves the previous best randomized expected bound of $\widetilde O(\min\{n^2,mn^{2/3}\})$ against an oblivious adversary [BPW20]. Our incremental bound improves the $ε^{-B}$ dependence of the $B$-level recursive algorithm of [Liu26] to an explicit $ε^{-1}$ factor while retaining almost-linear dependence on $m$. Our algorithms use modified interior point methods. For edge deletions, we extend the single-pair distance framework of [vBCKLMPSS24] to all targets simultaneously. A shared potential and one dynamic minimum-ratio cut instance support global updates to the distance labels. Our main insight is that constant relative cut balance certifies approximate distances at every target. For edge insertions, we develop an analogous circulation-based formulation implemented through the dynamic minimum-ratio cycle structure of [CKLMP24]. We also give a black-box reduction from distance estimates to path reporting in incremental graphs, with $m^{1+o(1)}ε^{-1}\log W$ additional maintenance time. This reduction may be of independent interest.
cs.DS