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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06706

ALTO: African and Levantine Tech-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence Corpus

Tianwei Zhang, Ivy Njoki Nyagwencha, Zahraa Dirani, Shalini Joshi, Scott A. Hale

原文摘要

Tech-facilitated gender based violence (TFGBV) is a pervasive online harm affecting women and gender minority groups through its many direct and covert forms. Current models and annotated datasets for gendered harm detection are dominated by data from, and models trained in, Global North languages. In collaboration with civil society organizations (CSOs) from Jordan, Francophone West Africa, and Kenya, we developed a community-led approach to crowdsource culturally and linguistically relevant instances of TFGBV in Levantine Arabic, African French, and Swahili. We annotated the crowdsourced data using active learning to develop a small but performant dataset (N=3022) called ALTO to improve TFGBV detection in the three languages. Through benchmarking and fine-tuning experiments, we show that existing harmful content detection models show poor TFGBV recall within ALTO and improve with fine-tuning. We found that models often miss covert harms across all languages, while error rates are markedly higher in Swahili. We report the experimental results and release the annotation taxonomy, dataset, and trained models.

cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.CY · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2607.16097

Understanding Reasoning from Pretraining to Post-Training

Jingyan Shen, Ang Li, Salman Rahman, Yifan Sun, Micah Goldblum, Matus Telgarsky, Pavel Izmailov

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become central to improving large language models (LLMs) on complex reasoning tasks, yet RL post-training is largely studied in isolation from the pretraining that precedes it. As a result, two basic questions remain open: (1) how do pretraining choices (model size, data) shape the returns to RL compute, and (2) what does RL actually do to the model? These questions are difficult to study in the standard LLM setting: pretraining corpora are vast and uncontrolled, making it hard to attribute behaviors to pretraining versus RL, and systematic compute sweeps across both stages are prohibitively expensive. To address these challenges, we use chess as a controlled testbed for studying reasoning across the full pretraining-to-post-training pipeline. We follow the standard LLM training pipeline by pretraining language models from 5M to 1B parameters on human chess games, supervised fine-tuning on synthetic reasoning traces, and running RL on chess puzzles with verifiable rewards. Using this framework, we find that the post-RL performance at given RL compute level is well-predicted from the pretraining loss, and slope of the RL reward curves improves approximately linearly with the pretraining tokens. Beyond scaling, we find that RL does not simply sharpen the SFT policy: on easy puzzles it amplifies correct moves the SFT policy already preferred, while on hard puzzles it surfaces correct moves that were nearly absent under SFT. We further test whether our findings transfer beyond chess by training a 1B language model on math-domain text, where the same predictive pattern emerges: longer-pretrained checkpoints reach higher post-RL performance and improve faster under RL. In sum, we provide a quantitative account of the pretraining-to-RL interface and a controlled testbed for studying the science of reasoning across the full pretraining-to-post-training pipeline.

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.35160

AutoEnergyDesign: An LLM-Driven Agent for Automatic Energy System Design Optimization

Amedeo Buonanno, Salvatore Fabozzi, Maria Valenti

原文摘要

The design optimization of building energy systems represents a complex, high-dimensional search problem involving discrete technology selections, continuous sizing parameters, and intricate economic trade-offs in which every candidate must be evaluated by a year-long simulation. This paper presents AutoEnergyDesign, in which a Large Language Model (LLM) agent reasons over past simulation results, proposes configuration changes and learns in context from each outcome, while a git-based mechanism reverts changes that do not improve the design. The agent couples a reasoning model with explicit memories, a constrained action interface, and an environment-grounded keep/revert feedback signal. The simulator covers eight technologies and computes the 25-year Net Present Cost (NPC). On a case study with measured building loads, the agent, instantiated with three Claude models (Haiku 5.5, Sonnet 5.5 and Opus 5.5; ten runs of 50 simulations each), is compared with random search, Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) Bayesian optimization and a (1+1) evolution strategy that shares the agent's acceptance rule (ten seeds of 300 evaluations). With all three models the agent reaches an NPC of 3.53MEUR, 1.20% and 0.23% below the best results of TPE and of the evolution strategy, and comes within 1% of it after a median of 18 to 27.5 simulations; among the baselines, only the evolution strategy does so, after a median of 192 evaluations. Every decision is recorded, making the search auditable.

cs.AI · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06688

Don't Replace, Complement: A Detector-Agnostic Subspace Signal for Near-OOD Detection

Wonseok Shin, Songkuk Kim

原文摘要

Post-hoc out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is mature on far-OOD yet remains weak on near-OOD. These two settings differ in their use of class-characteristic feature directions: far-OOD inputs largely fail to activate those of their predicted class, whereas near-OOD inputs activate them much as in-distribution samples do. Because the axis separating far-OOD leaves near-OOD almost indistinguishable from ID, a score optimized for one setting is misaligned with the other; where a detector already saturates far-OOD, added near-OOD sensitivity is bought partly against it. This divergence motivates a targeted near-OOD signal designed to complement existing scores. We propose PLUS (Per-class Low-dimensional sUbspace Signal). For each class, PLUS selects the $m$ most class-active neurons from a sparse autoencoder, orthonormalizes the corresponding decoder directions to form a low-dimensional subspace, and scores an input by its per-class whitened squared Mahalanobis distance $z$ within the subspace of its predicted class. Designed as a dedicated complement rather than a standalone detector, the signal $z$ is fused additively with any calibrated base score at a single, fixed weight. This weight is a single global constant: no value is adjusted per backbone, per OOD dataset, or per deployment, and all calibration statistics are estimated from ID validation data alone. When applied to 18 existing detectors spanning diverse method families, $z$ consistently improves near-OOD AUROC in all 126 detector--backbone combinations. Far-OOD performance is broadly maintained or improved, with only marginal declines where the base score is near-optimal, making $z$ a robust, detector-agnostic complement across backbones.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06687

LifeVal: Evaluating AI Model Performance on Personalized Agentic Consumer Tasks

Jenny Yang, Elizabeth Proehl, Anjan Bharadwaj, Emily Fan, Charlotte Cole, James Kim, Noam Brown, Phoebe Thacker 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

We introduce LifeVal, a benchmark evaluating AI model performance on personalized agentic consumer tasks. LifeVal covers the most valuable life tasks that a personalized digital superassistant could automate, representing over 1.7 trillion US dollars in annual willingness-to-pay across 148 consumer task categories (e.g., managing finances, moving apartments, searching for a job, finding childcare). To construct our activity distribution, we conducted a new survey of willingness-to-pay for a digital superassistant across a demographically representative sample of over 3,800 consumers, cross-referencing our results against the American Time Use Survey (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025) and the Multinational Time Use Study (Fisher et al., 2025). For the most valuable consumer activities, we recruited task creators to create AI evaluation tasks personalized using real ChatGPT conversations and memories, reference files, and personal context. Task creators had to pass our expertise threshold (including personally completing the task multiple times and seeing the results through in their real lives for over a year) and also write a rubric, ensuring that our evaluation measured the best personalized completion for that task. All tasks had to pass at least three rounds of human quality-control before acceptance into our final evaluation sets.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06674

AgentTrustCI: Build-Time Policy, Grounding, and Trajectory Tests for Java LLM Agents

Sachin Gupta

原文摘要

Infrastructure security does not establish whether an LLM agent selected an allowed tool, grounded its answer in tool output, or followed a required workflow. AgentTrustCI is a Java/JUnit 5 framework that expresses these application-layer expectations as policy, grounding, and trajectory checks over recorded traces. A deterministic replay implementation supports repeatable build-time tests; a judge interface provides an extension point for optional semantic evaluation. On 55 synthetic cases spanning seven enterprise domains, the full pipeline correctly classifies all 30 injected faults and 25 passing controls, including ten non-trivial controls, and misses none of 12 designated critical cases. Each single-layer configuration correctly classifies 35 cases because the corpus deliberately isolates ten faults per layer. A grounded answer obtained through a disallowed sequence illustrates the additional coverage of trajectory checks. Repeated measurements quantify validator execution separately from process startup and reporting. These results establish coverage of the authored regression suite, not production accuracy. We describe a production-trace validation protocol, optional LLM-judge integration, and maintenance of expectations as workflows evolve. The contribution is a practical pattern for expressing behavioral contracts within an existing Java release pipeline.

cs.SE · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.06395

Consistent Geometric Deep Learning via Hilbert Bundles and Cellular Sheaves

Kartik Tandon, Julian Gould, Tanishq Bhatia, Francesca Dominici, Alejandro Ribeiro, Claudio Battiloro

原文摘要

Modern deep learning architectures increasingly contend with sophisticated signals that are natively infinite-dimensional, such as time series, probability distributions, or operators, and are defined over irregular domains. Yet, a unified learning theory for these settings has been lacking. To start addressing this gap, we introduce a novel convolutional learning framework for possibly infinite-dimensional signals supported on a manifold. Namely, we use the connection Laplacian associated with a Hilbert bundle as a convolutional operator, and we derive filters and neural networks, dubbed as \textit{HilbNets}. We make HilbNets and, more generally, the convolution operation, implementable via a two-stage sampling procedure. First, we show that sampling the manifold induces a Hilbert Cellular Sheaf, a generalized graph structure with Hilbert feature spaces and edge-wise coupling rules, and we prove that its sheaf Laplacian converges in probability to the underlying connection Laplacian as the sampling density increases. Notably, this result is a generalization to the infinite-dimensional bundle setting of the Belkin \& Niyogi \cite{BELKIN20081289} convergence result for the graph Laplacian to the manifold Laplacian, a theoretical cornerstone of geometric learning methods. Second, we discretize the signals and prove that the discretized (implementable) HilbNets converge to the underlying continuous architectures and are transferable across different samplings of the same bundle, providing consistency for learning. Finally, we validate our framework on synthetic and real-world tasks. Overall, our results broaden the scope of geometric learning as a whole by lifting classical Laplacian-based frameworks to settings where the signal at each point lives in its own Hilbert space.

cs.LG · cs.AI · eess.SP

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06662

Where Search Agents Go Off the Rails: Graph-Grounded Step-Level Verification

Hyeseo Jeon, Seonho Yoo, Jay-Yoon Lee

原文摘要

Search-augmented reasoning systems can reach correct answers while making errors in intermediate steps. Reliable auditing must check whether evidence $D$ covers the question $Q$, reasoning $T$ addresses $Q$, and $T$ is grounded in $D$. We introduce GraphRail, which represents requirements, evidence, and reasoning as structured claims and compares them without a generative judge or gold answer. Across three multi-hop QA benchmarks and three reasoning frameworks, GraphRail improves error recall over generative verifiers while remaining stable under stochastic extraction. Its diagnoses can also guide online reasoning, providing a traceable way to detect and correct intermediate errors.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06984

Resource-Efficient Reinforcement Learning Post-Training through Elastic Expert Parallelism

Jia Wei, Ziyi Qiu, Yi Xu, Xuehai Qian

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning post-training improves the capabilities of large language models, but generating training responses is a major computational bottleneck. In mixture-of-experts models, workers that finish their assigned responses may remain occupied because their experts are still needed by workers processing longer responses. Consequently, approximately one-third of occupied worker time in the baseline occurs after local response generation finishes. Here we present FlexFloor, a system that enables earlier resource release during synchronous response generation while preserving the expert computation required by ongoing responses. FlexFloor jointly adapts response scheduling and the active group of workers. It uses historical response lengths and memory constraints to guide batching and prompt placement, then progressively releases workers while maintaining expert availability and correct communication. Compared with the verl baseline, FlexFloor generates approximately 65.40% more response tokens per unit of occupied computing time and increases response generation throughput by 52.74%, with little observed variation in rollout reward. By making reinforcement learning post-training more efficient, FlexFloor supports faster development and iterative improvement of large language models and AI agents.

cs.AI · cs.DC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2510.27428

Learning Soft Robotic Dynamics with Active Exploration

Hehui Zheng, Bhavya Sukhija, Chenhao Li, Klemens Iten, Andreas Krause, Robert K. Katzschmann

原文摘要

Soft robots offer adaptability and safety in unstructured environments, yet their compliant, high-dimensional, and nonlinear dynamics make modeling for control difficult. Existing data-driven approaches often fail to generalize, constrained by narrowly focused task demonstrations or inefficient random exploration. We introduce an uncertainty-aware active exploration framework that autonomously learns task-agnostic and generalizable dynamics models of soft robotic systems. We evaluate this framework on three simulated platforms---a continuum arm, an articulated fish in fluid, and a musculoskeletal leg---and on a real-world pneumatically actuated continuum arm. Compared with random exploration and task-specific baseline, our method achieves higher modeling accuracy by actively collecting informative data. This improved model quality yields higher returns in zero-shot control on unseen tasks and robust performance under sensing noise, actuation delays, and material nonlinearities. These results demonstrate that uncertainty-driven active exploration enables data-efficient dynamics learning across soft robotic morphologies, supporting autonomous and adaptable control for compliant robots.

cs.RO · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2508.19008

Computational Phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comparative Evaluation of LLM-Simulated Expert Personas and Human Clinical Experts

Marcin Moskalewicz, Anna Sterna, Karolina Drożdż, Kacper Dudzic, Marek Pokropski, Paula Flores

原文摘要

Building on a human-led thematic analysis of clinical life-story interviews (> 150,000 words) with inpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder, this study examines the capacity of large language models (OpenAI's GPT, Google's Gemini, and Anthropic's Claude) to support qualitative clinical analysis. The models' interpretative potential was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach. Study A involved blinded and non-blinded judges in phenomenology and clinical psychology. The experts assessed the validity of AI-generated content using semantic congruence, Jaccard coefficients, and multidimensional validity ratings, including credibility, coherence, the substantiveness of results, and grounding in qualitative data. In Study B, neural methods were used to embed human- and model-generated theme descriptions in a multidimensional vector space. This approach provided an objectified computational measure of the difference between human and model semantics and linguistic style. In Study C, complementary non-expert evaluations were conducted (N=115) to examine the influence of thematic verbosity on the perception of human authorship and content validity. Overall, the results of AI analysis showed a highly variable overlap (0-58%) with the human interpretation, while all models identified themes originally omitted by human researchers, proving their capacity to mitigate human bias. At the thematic level, external evaluators were unable to reliably distinguish human-authored themes from those generated by AI. In terms of content validity assessed against raw data by high-level experts in the blinded mode, the performance of Gemini 2.5 Pro was indistinguishable from that of humans. The comparison of semantic vector embeddings showed that its style was also the closest to humans.

cs.AI · cs.CL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2602.20207

Golden Layers and Where to Find Them: Improved Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models Via Layer Gradient Analysis

Shrestha Datta, Hongfu Liu, Anshuman Chhabra

原文摘要

Knowledge editing in Large Language Models (LLMs) aims to update the model's prediction for a specific query to a desired target while preserving its behavior on all other inputs. This process typically involves two stages: identifying the layer to edit and performing the parameter update. Intuitively, different queries may localize knowledge at different depths of the model, resulting in different sample-wise editing performance for a fixed editing layer. In this work, we hypothesize the existence of fixed golden layers that can achieve near-optimal editing performance similar to sample-wise optimal layers. To validate this hypothesis, we provide empirical evidence by comparing golden layers against ground-truth sample-wise optimal layers. Furthermore, we show that golden layers can be reliably identified using a proxy dataset and generalize effectively to unseen test set queries across datasets. Finally, we propose a novel method, namely Layer Gradient Analysis (LGA) that estimates golden layers efficiently via gradient-attribution, avoiding extensive trial-and-error across multiple editing runs. Extensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our LGA approach across different LLM types and various knowledge editing methods.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06637

Human Motion Prediction via Continual Prior Compensation

Jianwei Tang, Jian-Fang Hu, Tianming Liang, Xiaotong Lin, Jiangxin Sun, Wei-Shi Zheng, Jianhuang Lai

原文摘要

Human Motion Prediction (HMP) aims to predict future human poses at different moments according to observed past motion sequences. Previous approaches mainly treated the prediction of different temporal moments as a single prediction task and learned the predictions of varied moments simultaneously, which would encounter a main limitation: the learning of short-term predictions (referring to ``near-future'' prediction) could be hindered by the predictions of long-term (referring to ``far-future'' prediction) motions. In this paper, we develop a novel temporal continual learning framework called Continual Prior Compensation (CPC) to progressively train HMP models, in which we divide the prediction task of motions corresponding to varied temporal moments into several subtasks and train the model in a multi-stage manner. To mitigate the prior information forgetting in the progressive training, we further introduce a learnable random variable Prior Compensation Factor (PCF) to explicitly measure the prior knowledge loss. We theoretically show that the PCF can be efficiently learned together with the model parameters by minimizing a reasonable upper bound of the objective function. The proposed CPC is further enhanced to estimate the prior information loss for each subtask and a new framework called Continual Prior Compensation++ (CPC++) with Fine-Grained Prior Compensation Factor (FGPCF) is finally developed. Our CPC and CPC++ frameworks are quite flexible and can be easily integrated with different HMP backbone models and adapted to various datasets and applications. Extensive experiments on three HMP benchmark datasets using multiple SOTA HMP backbones (PGBIG, siMLPe, MotionMixer, and LTD) demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of our frameworks.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06631

Trick-or-Treat: Adversarial Evaluation of Multimodal Medical Reasoning with Synthetic Images

Oishi Banerjee, Eujin Lee, Sung Eun Kim, Alexandra N. Willauer, Christine Y. Zhou, Zhizhou Yang, Pranav Rajpurkar

原文摘要

We used medical image synthesis to create a challenging multimodal evaluation framework that exposes hallucination behaviors in frontier models. Evaluating multimodal reasoning has historically been difficult because existing medical datasets rarely pair different image modalities, such as radiographs and external clinical photographs. To address this gap, we introduce Trick-or-Treat, an adversarial multimodal medical benchmark that pairs real chest radiographs with synthetic clinical photographs to challenge models' cross-modal reasoning. For each of a wide range of conditions, we created two pairs of images, where the pairs share a single chest radiograph but contain different external photographs. In matched pairs, the chest radiograph and photograph both contain findings suggesting the same disease (e.g., varicella pneumonia suggested by lung opacities and crusted skin lesions seen in chickenpox). In mismatched pairs, the photograph depicts an alternative clinical finding that would not lead to the same unifying diagnosis (e.g. replacing crusted skin lesions with ordinary acne). Synthetic photograph generation allows clinical findings to be varied while the person's features and photographic setting stay consistent, reducing confounding. In an investigation of three frontier models, we found that models hallucinated clinically significant photograph findings in 45-57.5% of mismatched pairs, up from 25-37.5% for the same photographs shown alone. When faced with mismatched pairs, models tended to ignore mismatches and instead hallucinated findings that better matched the radiograph (e.g. misreading acne as crusted skin lesions to justify diagnosing chickenpox). Trick-or-Treat both demonstrates concerning error pattern in frontier models' medical reasoning and provides a proof of concept for the use of synthetic images in adversarial multimodal evaluation.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06630

Noise-regularized training of quantum circuit Born machines under a finite shot budget

Hoang M. Ngo, Quan Nguyen, Jung Taek Seo, Wanli Xing, My T. Thai

原文摘要

Quantum circuit Born machines (QCBMs) can learn distributions that are hard to sample from classically, but their value depends on generalizing from finite training data. Here, we study how hardware noise affects this generalization. We show that, for any noise process, the generalization gap of a QCBM trained with the maximum mean discrepancy is bounded by the complexity of the distributions the noisy model can reach. Scrambled local Pauli noise contracts this complexity but biases the model towards the uniform distribution, so residual noise acts as a regularizer whose optimal strength can be intermediate. We propose GENIE, a framework that realizes a chosen noise level with capped error mitigation and selects it during training from held-out data within a fixed execution budget, with provably bounded regret. In simulations on synthetic and census data, GENIE stays close to the best of four noise-control strategies, whereas every fixed noise level falls short in many settings.

quant-ph · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06629

Does Frontier AI Strengthen Cyber Defense? Evidence from Project Glasswing

Thomas Mosk

原文摘要

Defenders and attackers race to find the same software flaws. I use the launch of Project Glasswing, which gave a small group of large US tech firms early access to Claude Mythos Preview, a model for finding software vulnerabilities, to study how access to frontier AI affects defenders, external researchers, and attackers. Using the universe of publicly disclosed vulnerabilities, I find that firms with access more than doubled their disclosures relative to Chinese and Russian tech firms without access, disclosed about 150 percent more high-impact vulnerabilities, and fixed reported flaws as quickly as before. As treated firms found more flaws themselves, external researchers, who sell their findings through bug bounties, reported about half as many vulnerabilities in treated firms' code and more in other firms' code, without leaving the market. There is no evidence that attackers exploited the additional vulnerabilities: the share exploited within a month of disclosure fell by about two thirds, mainly because a smaller share was already exploited when disclosed, while the number exploited did not change. Frontier AI helped defenders find and fix more flaws before attackers exploited them, but its restricted release creates an asymmetry in software security between firms in different countries.

econ.GN · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06628

From Certified Pairs to a Certified Hub: Reasoner-Checked Crosswalks for the Information Exchange Standard

Fabio Rovai

原文摘要

A national digital twin was conceived as an ecosystem of twins connected through mappings to a common foundation, but the roadmap that promises to confirm those mappings are valid never says what valid means. We give the test a precise form, coherence and conservativity of the merged ontology, borrowed from logic-based alignment repair, and apply it to the Information Exchange Standard (IES), first pair by pair and then to whole hubs. Crosswalks from IES into thirteen ontologies across seven sector groups, anchored on the building ontologies BOT, Brick, and SAREF4BLDG, pass through separate stages of matching, human review, certification of each SKOS correspondence against the two class hierarchies, and reasoning with HermiT. Pair by pair, the stages catch different failures: certification alone removed all 526 conservativity violations of the raw crosswalks, review alone left 73, and together they made eleven of twelve overlapping pairs coherent and conservative. Pairwise certification does not compose. Merging the three certified building crosswalks into one hub made five Brick classes unsatisfiable, through a homonym between the IES and Brick notions of a floor that only BOT's disjointness axioms expose; rejecting that one row gave a coherent and conservative hub that entails 290 cross-ontology links nobody wrote down. The core hub is inconsistent before any crosswalk is added, because two published standards, the Open Energy Ontology and BFO 2020, contradict each other; with either one left out it is coherent and conservative. A hub, not a pair, is the unit an ecosystem of twins has to certify.

cs.AI · cs.DB · cs.LO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06627

Interactive World Simulation with Cosmos for Physical AI

NVIDIA, :, Anis Ahmad, Jon Allen, Malik Aqeel Anwar, Jesse Archer, Maciej Bala, Piotr Barejko 等 90 位作者

原文摘要

We present a shared framework that adapts Cosmos world foundation models for real-time interactive world simulation in Physical AI. By streaming visual observations in response to actions and scene controls, the framework enables users and embodied agents to interact with evolving virtual environments. It supports both predicting the visual consequences of actions and generating observations from physical state maintained by an external simulator. We demonstrate this approach across camera navigation and robot manipulation, controllable video transfer, and multi-view autonomous vehicle (AV) simulation. These examples provide a shared foundation for developing interactive virtual environments for Physical AI training and evaluation. Our code and model checkpoints are available at https://github.com/nvidia/cosmos and https://huggingface.co/collections/nvidia/cosmos3-examples. The project website is available at https://research.nvidia.com/labs/cosmos-lab/cosmos-simulation.

cs.AI · cs.CV · cs.LG · cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2601.22183

COL-Trees: Efficient Hierarchical Object Search in Spatial Networks

Tenindra Abeywickrama, Muhammad Aamir Cheema, Sabine Storandt

原文摘要

Many spatial network applications, such as map-based services, rely heavily on efficient methods to search for relevant nearby points-of-interest (POIs). A $k$ Nearest Neighbor ($k$NN) query is one such example that finds the $k$ closest POIs from an agent's location. While most existing techniques for spatial networks focus on retrieving nearby POIs for a single agent, these search heuristics do not translate to many other applications. For example, Aggregate $k$ Nearest Neighbor (A$k$NN) queries require POIs that are close to multiple agents. $k$ Farthest Neighbors ($k$FN) queries require POIs that are the antithesis of nearest. Such problems naturally benefit from a hierarchical approach, but existing methods rely on Euclidean-based heuristics, which have diminished effectiveness in spatial networks such as road network graphs. We propose a novel data structure, COL-Tree (Compacted Object-Landmark Tree), to address this gap by enabling efficient hierarchical graph traversal using a more accurate landmark-based heuristic. We then present query algorithms that utilize COL-Trees to efficiently answer A$k$NN, $k$FN, and other queries. Our experiments evaluate performance on real-world and synthetic datasets including multiple types of spatial networks, such as road networks of varying sizes and edge weights, terrain networks, and 2D physics meshes. The results demonstrate that our techniques significantly outperform existing approaches, achieving up to three orders of magnitude improvement. Moreover, this comes at a small pre-processing overhead in both theory and practice.

cs.DB · cs.AI · cs.DS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06612

From Reconstruction to Imputation: Test-Time Optimization for Missing Time-Series Channels

Björn Ludwig, Alexander Windmann, René Heesch, Oliver Niggemann

原文摘要

Complete sensor-channel failures create a difficult form of time-series missingness: local interpolation is unavailable, and deploying a separately trained imputer for every failure pattern may be impractical. We ask whether a sequence reconstructor trained without artificial mask augmentation and then frozen can be converted into an imputer at inference time. Our method treats the missing entries of each test window as optimization variables, clamps all observations, and backpropagates through the frozen model to minimize reconstruction error only on observed coordinates. The resulting observed-self-consistency objective requires neither artificial mask augmentation nor full-channel dropout during reconstructor training. We characterize when this refinement is informative through the cross-Jacobian from missing inputs to observed residuals, and use an optional temporal-smoothness prior when that coupling is weak. Across five real-world datasets with exactly one channel synthetically masked per test window and four reconstruction architectures, no-prior test-time refinement reduces MAE relative to one-pass reconstruction in 19 of 20 dataset-backbone combinations. Compared with mask-aware imputers trained under either standard structured masks or matched full-channel dropout, the best refined reconstructor achieves the lowest MAE on two datasets and trails the strongest baseline on three. These gains require substantially more inference time and are sensitive to cross-channel coupling. Our results establish test-time self-consistency as a conditional inference-time adapter for frozen reconstruction models that complements mask-aware imputation without retraining the reconstructor.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.26647

More Expressive Feedforward Layers: Part I. Token-Adaptive Mixing of Activations

Mingze Wang, Jinbo Wang, Yikuan Xia, Kai Shen, Shu Zhong

原文摘要

Feedforward network (FFN) layers account for a large fraction of parameters and nonlinear expressivity in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs). Despite the evolution from ReLU and GELU to gated variants such as SwiGLU, most FFN designs still use a single fixed activation function, applying the same nonlinear transformation to all tokens. In this work, we propose Mixture of Activations (MoA), a token-adaptive FFN design that mixes a dictionary of activation functions using lightweight input-dependent gates while sharing the same linear projections. As an input-independent counterpart, we also introduce learnable activations (LA), which form linear combinations of activation functions for both ReLU-type and SwiGLU-type FFNs. Theoretically, we establish strict finite-width expressive separations among fixed-activation FFNs, LA, and MoA: LA strictly contains fixed-activation FFNs, while MoA strictly contains LA, with the additional expressivity arising from input-dependent nonlinear hybridization. Empirically, we evaluate MoA through extensive pre-training experiments on dense and MoE language models ranging from 0.12B to 2B parameters under different token budgets, optimizers, and learning rate schedules. MoA consistently achieves lower terminal loss and exhibits more favorable scaling behavior than well-tuned baselines, with minimal parameter and computational overhead. These results suggest that token-adaptive activation mixing is a simple and effective mechanism for improving FFN expressivity in LLMs.

cs.LG · cs.AI · stat.ML

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06603

Time-Division Multiplexing: The Operational Rhythm and Temporal Organization Layer of Digital Life

Haibin Tong, Luming Guo, Nana Cui, Jiang Yu

原文摘要

Continual agents must handle urgent interaction while retaining alternatives, replaying errors, and committing safe long-term changes. A previous digital-life framework distinguishes online (busy) and offline (idle) channels, but leaves open whether these are separate programs or phases of a common process and how their operations should be ordered. Motivated by recent observations of rapidly alternating perceptual representations in primate cortex, we develop a temporal organization layer with phase-tagged micro-epochs, an observable duty cycle, independent content and resource controls, and three nested clocks separating candidate exploration from durable commitment. We give a projected duty-cycle update, state its deterministic descent guarantee and the additional noise term required for a stochastic guarantee, and specify coupled busy/idle execution contracts. Five synthetic experiments (64 seeds each) examine descent and noise, objective misalignment, gain asymmetry, resource coupling, and dropped replay logs. In the gain/noise model the best tested gain ratio is 1.55; decoupled scheduling yields 26.6% versus 11.1% success on a constructed urgent/high-load subset. A frozen-backbone Qwen3-8B prototype further checks orchestration, but its proxy outcomes are not task-benchmark evidence. The results establish a testable scheduling design and identify its conditions of validity, not machine consciousness or general-purpose agent superiority.

cs.AI · q-bio.NC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2609.03507

LongCounsel-8: A Benchmark Suite for Longitudinal Depression Tracking from Multi-Session Counseling Dialogues

Jiayi Li, Bingsheng He, Zhaomin Wu

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to assess depression in counseling conversations, where psychology evidence suggests that tracking change across sessions matters more than any single score. However, existing dialogue benchmarks score each session on its own, and an accurate score for every session does not guarantee that a method follows the changes between sessions. We introduce LongCounsel-8, a benchmark for tracking depression across counseling sessions. Its systematic pipeline takes client profiles from real counseling cases, depression scores from real longitudinal data, and turn length and form from real counseling dialogues, yielding 7,749 five-session trajectories from three LLMs. Every session is generated to express a preset score on the PHQ-8, a standard eight-symptom depression questionnaire. Validation shows that the labels are self-consistent and the dialogues close to real counseling. Following clinical research on treatment monitoring, we propose a trend-based evaluation protocol reflecting real-world tracking needs: changes between sessions, crossings of the screening cutoff, trajectory types, and symptom-level changes. Extensive experiments show all five existing methods tested fall short in tracking trends: none estimates changes better than a no-change baseline, at most 40% of cutoff crossings are detected, and adding earlier sessions lowers change error but causes more missed improvements.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2609.34799

STRIDE: Automated Evaluation of Text-to-Trajectory Alignment across Diverse Contexts

Wanchun Ni, Tao Qi, Leonel Aguilar, Jiugeng Sun, Marlene Wagner, Verena Zimmermann, Mennatallah El-Assady

原文摘要

Language-conditioned trajectory generation is here, but its evaluation has not kept pace. Existing pedestrian trajectory metrics compare trajectories with real-world human data. This does not scale to text-to-trajectory generation across diverse contexts, as collecting human trajectories for every scenario is costly and infeasible. Moreover, pedestrian behavior is heterogeneous and context-dependent, with no single metric as the correct answer, and current evaluation frameworks are not transferable to this domain. These challenges make scalable, reliable evaluation difficult. We introduce STRIDE, the first framework for evaluating context alignment between scenario descriptions and pedestrian trajectories. STRIDE addresses these challenges through three design choices. First, we derive our VRDST evaluation protocol from sociological theories to define a complete evaluation space. Second, it decomposes high-level context into scenario-adaptive behavioral questions. Third, every question is resolved against a deterministic measurement tool library that yields reproducible answers. Together, STRIDE enables verifiable, automated, and scalable evaluation across diverse contexts without requiring human trajectory data. We instantiate STRIDE in the crowd domain as STRIDE-Bench, comprising 1K scenarios, 6K behavioral questions, and 11K measurements with calibrated expected answers across 30 real-world maps. Comprehensive human validations show that STRIDE-Bench is consistent with human behavior and judgment, achieving 80% human agreement. We further evaluate several text-to-trajectory models, finding limited context-alignment capability and persistent challenges in fine-grained context conditioning. We believe that the STRIDE framework provides a first step toward principled evaluation of context-aligned pedestrian trajectory generation.

cs.AI · cs.CY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.31323

Bridging the Data Gap: Source-Informed Task-Space Transport for Few-Shot Diffusion

Jinjian Jiang, Jing Peng, Rehan Deen, Yu Cao, Ziquan Liu, Muhammad Salman Haleem, David Mguni

原文摘要

When an object category is well represented in one domain but scarcely observed in another, adapting a diffusion model to the target can be unreliable. Yet the same source-target relationship may have been observed for other categories. We ask whether this recurring relation can be learned and reused for a new semantic task. We introduce Meta-Diff, which embeds source and target distributions in a shared low-dimensional task space, learns an affine transport map across paired training tasks, and generates from the transported source coordinate using a shared diffusion backbone. At deployment, it requires source examples and the identity of a previously learned relation, but neither target images nor target-specific optimisation. Gaussian-mixture experiments examine how transfer depends on task information retained by the encoder, relation predictability and the size of the source--target shift. On held-out CIFAR-100 validation tasks, correct-source transport achieves 13.9% lower mean sliced Wasserstein distance than wrong-source transport. In the one-target final-test comparison, it achieves 14.7% lower mean distance than target-only adaptation and 32.7% lower than full fine-tuning under validation-selected settings. These gains have clear limits: directly applying the known corruption to clean-source generations performs better on CIFAR, and requested-class identity remains weak. Office-Home shows domain alignment without reliable object identity; clinical stress tests show no resolved source-specific advantage. The results characterise when reusable task-space relations help and where their generative limitations remain.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.22286

EmoTrack: Clinical-Semantic Modeling for Text-Based Depression Severity Estimation

Zhaomin Wu, Jiayi Li, Bingsheng He

原文摘要

Text-based counseling is widely adopted across online mental health platforms, where automatically estimating depressive symptom severity from transcripts is vital for client safety and clinical monitoring. We therefore study prediction of the standard eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) total score directly from counseling sessions. Existing clinical-based methods obtain structured assessments through large language model inference but summarize away individual client turns. Training-based methods preserve turn semantics but must learn clinical structure from limited labels. Integrating these representations requires preserving clinical-feature identity and selecting evidence relevant to each symptom. We propose EmoTrack, which jointly encodes clinical-feature tokens and frozen client-turn embeddings, then uses PHQ-8 item queries to estimate total severity. Optional gated memory incorporates evidence from the preceding session. To support controlled evaluation in the multi-session setting, we introduce CounselArc, a synthetic counseling dataset with session-level PHQ-8 supervision for predicting current-session severity with optional prior-session context. Across real DAIC-WOZ interviews, transfer to E-DAIC, and three longitudinal datasets, EmoTrack achieves the lowest normalized aggregate error. It reduces DAIC-WOZ mean absolute error by 12.5% and aggregate error by approximately 8.6%, each relative to the strongest baseline for that measure.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06585

Signed, Sealed, Leaked: Trust Beyond Signature for MCP Toolchains

Yichiet Aun, Mohammed A. Alhartomi, Jing Jie Tan, Waqas Nadeem, Adeb Salh, Shankar Karuppayah, Sin Chee Tan

原文摘要

AI agents rely on third-party tools, such as Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers, whose publishers can be authenticated and whose execution can be restricted by runtime security policies. Yet authenticity does not guarantee benign behaviour: a legitimately signed tool may perform its advertised function while concealing malicious code that leaks confidential information. We demonstrate this trust failure with a signed MCP tool that embeds sensitive data in requests to a policy-allowed destination. Meta's MCPGuard-Dynamic, a state-of-the-art runtime defence, blocks a direct exfiltration attempt in the same run, yet fails to prevent this attack in every trial. We introduce germline execution, which limits information disclosure without inspecting or trusting tool implementations. Each tool invocation runs in ephemeral copies forked from a data-free germline process, each receiving only information authorised for its destination. Even if malicious code executes, what it can disclose is bounded by the data available to its copy. Under explicit assumptions on copy confinement and a data-free germline, we prove sink noninterference for every signed release and, for releases deterministic within our replay model, show that a verified witness establishes a flow violation. Across 153 attack runs, no unauthorised disclosure was detected under germline execution, compared with 5.9-74.5% of runs under baseline defences and an ablation. Invocations served by a single copy completed in 10-49 ms, 2-28x faster than restarting the tool for every invocation, the conventional way to clear state. These results show that data-isolated execution protects agent toolchains against malicious code concealed within authenticated software.

cs.CR · cs.AI · cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2401.08739

EgoGen: An Egocentric Synthetic Data Generator

Gen Li, Kaifeng Zhao, Siwei Zhang, Xiaozhong Lyu, Mihai Dusmanu, Yan Zhang, Marc Pollefeys, Siyu Tang

原文摘要

Understanding the world in first-person view is fundamental in Augmented Reality (AR). This immersive perspective brings dramatic visual changes and unique challenges compared to third-person views. Synthetic data has empowered third-person-view vision models, but its application to embodied egocentric perception tasks remains largely unexplored. A critical challenge lies in simulating natural human movements and behaviors that effectively steer the embodied cameras to capture a faithful egocentric representation of the 3D world. To address this challenge, we introduce EgoGen, a new synthetic data generator that can produce accurate and rich ground-truth training data for egocentric perception tasks. At the heart of EgoGen is a novel human motion synthesis model that directly leverages egocentric visual inputs of a virtual human to sense the 3D environment. Combined with collision-avoiding motion primitives and a two-stage reinforcement learning approach, our motion synthesis model offers a closed-loop solution where the embodied perception and movement of the virtual human are seamlessly coupled. Compared to previous works, our model eliminates the need for a pre-defined global path, and is directly applicable to dynamic environments. Combined with our easy-to-use and scalable data generation pipeline, we demonstrate EgoGen's efficacy in three tasks: mapping and localization for head-mounted cameras, egocentric camera tracking, and human mesh recovery from egocentric views. EgoGen will be fully open-sourced, offering a practical solution for creating realistic egocentric training data and aiming to serve as a useful tool for egocentric computer vision research. Refer to our project page: https://ego-gen.github.io/.

cs.CV · cs.AI

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06569

One Scale, Four Texts: Gaps, Overlaps and Silent Repairs in Published Grading Schemes

Elisa Rovai, Fabio Rovai

原文摘要

Category systems often reach their users as text, and readers apply them with tacit repairs. We ask what such a text determines once the repairs are removed, using diabetic retinopathy grading, where one international scale circulates in several documents. We transcribe four texts (the English screening definitions of 2025, the international scale as tabulated in 2017 and as published in 2003, and an Italian guideline of 2015) into one rule language over 24 finding variables, and make every point a text leaves open a named precisification. Exhaustive enumeration of 1,425,807,360 finding profiles, re-derived by an SMT solver and spot-checked by an OWL reasoner, shows that every text that assigns actions leaves some eyes without a category under every reading; that the 2017 tabulation has a proliferative class that is empty when read literally and a macular gap that the 2003 text lacks, so that no function maps the 2003 grades onto the 2017 grades; and that on image findings alone the English and Italian texts order some pairs of eyes in opposite ways. On 927 annotated photographs from three public datasets, with retinal thickening assumed absent, the English text and the 2017 tabulation disagree on referral for 26.8% of the eyes of one dataset (DDR) on which both decide, and in a pre-registered experiment classifiers trained on each text's labels side with their own text. Thickening cannot be seen on a colour photograph; left free, every disagreement involving England becomes undecidable, so it rests on what the camera cannot show. In a second pre-registered study, language models that answered without deliberating repaired most gap and overlap items even when told to read literally, while Claude Sonnet 5.5 and Claude Opus 5.5 reported the defects far more often; within two models, deliberation reduced silent repair without removing it.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06554

RAGAM-AI: A Hybrid Reinforcement Learning based Agentic approach powered by Generative AI for Edge Resource Management

Shreya K. Chari, John S. Vardakas, Kostas Ramantas, Christos Verikoukis

原文摘要

Resource management for distributed edge networks hosting different services has been handled efficiently using Reinforcement learning (RL). Reward generalization in complex workflows is still an open issue within the RL realm. Therefore, this work proposes RAGAM-AI, a hybrid framework that combines the capabilities of RL algorithms and Generative-AI (Gen-AI) for powering an Agentic AI workflow that optimizes resource allocation at the Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) units. This framework further resolves the reward generalization issue by utilizing Large Language Model (LLM) for feedback. A Multi- Agent Soft-Actor Critic (MASAC) using MathΣtral as a reward oracle is implemented for managing resource allocations at the MEC. RAGAM-AI interprets system state information and evaluates multi-objective trade-offs guiding the resource orchestration loop over distributed edge server agents. The complexity of the framework is further brought down by incorporating surrogate reward model. The overall performance is evaluated against the single agent SAC, REINFORCE and random policies for benchmarking. On using RAGAM-AI, lower allocation deviations for CPU, memory and bandwidth resources are reported while minimizing the latency and data rate costs. A scalable AI as a feedback (AIAF) solution optimizing network resources with significant performance improvement is thus presented.

cs.AI · cs.LG

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