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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.08831

Global Solar Siting from Geospatial Embeddings

Abdullah Rehman, Quentin Paletta, Rui Song

原文摘要

Global solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity is rapidly growing, helping decrease our emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, optimally siting a solar plant remains challenging, requiring anticipation of geographical, urban, and infrastructure needs. Current methods rely on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using hand-picked geophysical layers and solar-resource products, however these strategies are not geographically transferable and do not capture the practical requirements of solar sites. We use geospatial embeddings, dense vectors representing geophysical properties of a location, to analyse 38,591 existing solar sites and the land they were built on to learn the latent solar suitability signal. We assess a set of linear and non-linear models and select a soft-voting ensemble of a random forest and a multilayer perceptron (RF+MLP ensemble), chosen for accuracy and large scale deployability. Validated against future installations in thirteen countries, the ensemble separates existing solar sites from random land with a median ROC-AUC of 0.90. Compared with published MCDA strategies, the ensemble increases ROC-AUC by 0.06-0.30 in every country. The ranking also concentrates real deployment: the most-suitable 20% of land holds 84% of estimated generation (annual energy yield) and 67% of installed capacity (potential power output). After applying standard siting constraints, 5.6% of global land (9.8% if cropland is permitted) remains highly suited to solar. The global 10 m resolution solar suitability dataset and code can be found here: https://github.com/Abdullahr29/Global-Solar-Siting.

cs.LG · cs.CV · cs.CY

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.08302

带记忆的动态乐观约束在线凸优化:基于延迟等价

Dynamic Optimistic Constrained OCO with Memory via Delay Equivalence

Mohammed Abdullah, George Iosifidis, Salah Eddine Elayoubi, Tijani Chahed

AI 速读 基于摘要

作者提出一种乐观在线凸优化算法,通过将记忆归约为延迟,同时控制动态遗憾与累积约束违反。

cs.LG · math.OC

查看原文摘要

Online Convex Optimization with memory and time-varying constraints (COCO-M) is a recently-introduced framework that captures the dynamics of stateful online learning and non-stochastic control with budget constraints. Despite its expressive power, COCO-M remains largely understudied. In this work, we tackle this problem in its full scale, providing an optimistic algorithm that incorporates untrusted predictions to tame universal dynamic regret and cumulative constraint violation. Our analysis leverages a potent reduction from memory to delay and treats state-dependent gradients as delayed feedback. We establish the first bounds that adapt to both environment non-stationarity (path length $P_T$) and prediction accuracy, while lifting previous restrictive assumptions such as functional separability. En route to these results, we derive findings of independent interest for the memory-to-delay reduction, and for delayed OCO with time-varying constraints. The proposed framework ensures sublinear worst-case guarantees that improve with prediction accuracy, reaching $\mathcal O(1)$ regret under perfect predictions, with cumulative constraint violation (CCV) $\mathcal O(\sqrt{T})$ for unknown $P_T$ and $\mathcal O(\log T)$ for known or online observable $P_T$ , while recovering the optimal COCO rates when memory disappears.

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2511.12451

CCMP:面向高维特征选择的类条件多重共线性剪枝

CCMP: Class-Conditional Multicollinearity Pruning for High-Dimensional Feature Selection

Abdullah Al Bashit, Prakash Nepal, Lee Makowski

AI 速读 基于摘要

提出类条件多重共线性剪枝(CCMP),通过在每个类别内迭代剔除高度相关特征对中的一个特征,实现高维科学测量数据的特征选择,并给出剪枝误差的理论界。

eess.IV · cs.LG

查看原文摘要

In high-dimensional scientific measurements, many features in a single sample often capture the same underlying physical attributes, producing severe multicollinearity. Supervised feature selectors fit on the entire dataset, so a feature can be informative for classification overall while still redundant with another feature in the same class. Class-conditional selectors, by contrast, trade some accuracy for a narrower, per-class view, since they never see data outside one class, but this lets new classes be added without refitting the whole model. They still cannot determine, however, which feature to drop from a correlated group. To close this gap, we propose classconditional multicollinearity pruning (CCMP), which iteratively prunes one feature from every highly correlated pair, per class. Four theoretical guarantees establish explicit bounds on the error induced by pruning under stated assumptions. Across four benchmark datasets spanning spectroscopic and hyperspectral imaging modalities, CCMP retains as few as 42 of 1531 features (3%) and as many as 60 of 145 (41%), outperforms every classconditional baseline, and remains competitive with supervised methods.

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.06458

Invariant Features in Language Models: Geometric Characterization and Model Attribution

Agnibh Dasgupta, Abdullah Tanvir, Xin Zhong

原文摘要

Language models exhibit strong robustness to paraphrasing, suggesting that semantic information may be encoded through stable internal representations, yet the structure and origin of such invariance remain unclear. We propose a local geometric framework in which semantically equivalent inputs produce representations that occupy structured regions in latent space, with paraphrastic variation along nuisance directions and semantic identity preserved in invariant subspaces. Building on this view, we make three contributions: (1) a geometric characterization of invariant latent features, (2) a contrastive subspace discovery method that separates semantic-changing from semantic-preserving variation, and (3) an application of invariant representations to zero-shot model attribution. Across models and layers, empirical results support these contributions. Invariant structure emerges in specific depth regions, semantic displacement lies largely outside the nuisance subspace, and representation-level interventions indicate a causal role of invariant components in model outputs. Invariant representations also capture model-specific geometric patterns, enabling accurate attribution. Together, these findings support a local geometric characterization of semantic invariance in language model representations.

cs.LG · cs.CL

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.03952

Do We Still Need Rotation-Invariant Architectures? A Statistical Robustness Benchmark for Point Cloud Classification

Abdulla Nasir Chowdhury, Gulpi Qorik Oktagalu Pratamasunu, Kazuhiro Fukui

原文摘要

A substantial line of work builds rotation invariance directly into point cloud architectures. We benchmark 10 architectures (PointNet, PointNet++, DGCNN, RIConv, RIConv++, RISurConv, PointMLP, PointTransformer, and the equivariant VN-PointNet and VN-DGCNN) across 5 domains under pose, noise, and occlusion, and analyze the results with confirmatory hypothesis tests rather than point estimates. The three rotation-invariant (RI) architectures achieve the best pose robustness but rank among the lowest on noise robustness in 4 of 5 domains. We ask whether this cost is intrinsic to invariance or specific to how invariance is obtained. We retrain all 10 architectures unchanged, with a simple invariance loss on the embedding and three training seeds each, and evaluate all models on the independently designed ModelNet40-C. Invariance training transfers narrowly but reliably. It improves exactly the corruption families its perturbations target wherever the baseline has headroom (mean occlusion +10.5, lidar +13.4 percentage points of accuracy). At matched training budget the best standard backbone and the best RI architecture end on par on unseen corruptions (within 2.5 percentage points in every seed), and invariance-trained RIConv++ is the most seed-stable top model. Once rotation augmentation is widened, standard backbones concede only a flat, angle-independent accuracy offset under full-sphere rotation. We release the benchmark along with a package for analyzing point cloud robustness and reproducing our results.

cs.CV · cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.02744

Subspace Representations for Synthetic-to-Real Transfer in 3-D Surface Inspection

Abdulla Nasir Chowdhury, Naish Ibrahim, Gulpi Qorik Oktagalu Pratamasunu, Kazuhiro Fukui

原文摘要

This paper studies what subspace representations contribute to synthetic-to-real transfer in 3-D surface inspection, where models learn from synthetic defects and the only real data before deployment are scans of good parts. We use three classical constructions as instruments: the nearest-subspace classifier, one-class template subspaces and the generalized difference subspace (GDS). On 1,197 MVTec 3D-AD scans without target annotation we find that every decision rule ranks real defects at a similar window AUC, that image-level detection stays at chance, and that no rule keeps its in-domain threshold. We show that the margin of a nearest-subspace rule moves by at most the part of the feature shift outside its class subspaces, and that this leakage, measured from unlabeled good scans, bounds the displacement observed on unseen scans. On 597 Real3D-AD objects, a one-class subspace of registered templates evaluated at every location on frozen features reaches point AUROC 0.957 on pre-registered scans and a category-mean object AUROC of 78 to 81 with no training on the benchmark. Our results suggest that a subspace helps under shift in proportion to the shift it spans, and that in reference-based inspection the reference and its registration matter more than the subspace.

cs.CV · cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.02208

Test-Time Scaling for Open-Ended Reasoning at Small Model Scale

Adam Y. Ahmed, Abdullah G. Elafifi

原文摘要

A vote over a model's samples can only help when the samples disagree. For open-ended generation the binding question is therefore not how to combine samples but whether a model produces samples worth combining, a question test-time scaling has answered for math but not for free-form text. We study it at small scale with semantic cluster voting, a judge-free aggregator that groups a small instruct model's samples by meaning and returns the largest cluster's representative, with no reward model or self-judging. On a 250-prompt benchmark with three tiers of answer checkability, the same pattern holds across three model families (Qwen2.5-3B, Llama-3.2-3B, Gemma-2-2B) and two generation seeds: voting raises accuracy on the math control, where samples vary but stay checkable (a gain of +10 to +29 points across the three models), yet adds at most +0.30 judge points on open-ended text. On a larger 200-problem MATH-500 run with the primary model, the math gain is +8.5 points (95% CI [+4.0, +13.0]). Almost every open-ended sample falls into one meaning cluster, so there is little to select over. The collapse is consistent with instruction-tuning rather than model size, and raising decoding temperature does not recover usable diversity, because it costs more quality than it adds (net -0.64 judge points, 95% CI [-0.93, -0.37]).

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.CL

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.02206

Validity-Gated Evaluation of Multimodal Machine Unlearning

Abdullah Ahmad Khan, Hamid Laga, Ferdous Sohel

原文摘要

Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of training data without retraining a model from scratch. Evaluation of vision-language models relies on forget accuracy (FA), retain accuracy (RA), membership inference, and similarity to a retain-only reference, but evaluation pipelines are rarely tested. We propose a validity-gated unlearning audit (VGUA) with three checks: the forget set must be memorized without duplicate leakage into the retain set, the scorer must measure correctness, and the training code must implement the intended procedure. Applying these checks reveals that random MMBench splits leak duplicate questions, a lenient scorer hides memorization, and two coding errors remove the signal while training completes. After correcting these problems, we evaluate 234 unlearned models using six methods, three learning rates, and three backbones. Each model is compared with a retain-only reference trained using low-rank adaptation (LoRA). The results depend on update strength. Among models with RA at or above 0.70, lower FA generally indicates closer agreement with the retrained FA-RA operating point. Aggressive updates overshoot this point, collapse RA, and reverse method rankings. Relative to the original model, 78% of healthy models move closer to the retrained model's scores, whereas 94% move farther from it in activation space. Membership-inference advantage does not reliably track retraining alignment. Under option-shuffled training, unlearned models answer 25% of reordered forgotten ScienceQA questions, compared with 6% for the retain-only reference. These results show that multimodal unlearning conclusions depend on pipeline validity, update strength, and the comparison criterion.

cs.CV · cs.LG

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.37517

Orthogonal and Parametrized Multi-Attribute Steering of LLMs

Remy Ogasawara, Cullen Anderson, Narmeen Fatimah Oozeer, Foad Namjoo, Amir Abdullah, Jens Kristian Refsgaard Schou, Jeff M. Phillips

原文摘要

Activation steering offers an effective and efficient way to modify an LLM's behavior at inference time. However, it remains unclear how to apply steering such that the signal is consistently strong and the steering strength has a universally interpretable meaning. We address this first by identifying the most steerable interval for each steering vector and rescaling the steering range accordingly. Building on this, we introduce a more interpretable method for steering, called parameterized steering which instead of pushing activations in a direction, it sets them at the desired trait strength. Next, with multi-trait steering, we find that naively combining vectors causes them to interfere with one another. In response, we develop a method to orthogonalize the vectors; it decouples these traits, allowing a model to exhibit one behavior without inducing the others, thus enabling multiple traits to be steered simultaneously.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.20824

Markovian Circuit Tracing: Ground-Truth Tests of Transformer State Abstractions

Abdullah X

原文摘要

Mechanistic interpretability needs tests that separate accessible information from a causally useful internal abstraction. We introduce Markovian Circuit Tracing (MCT), a controlled benchmark for testing whether transformer activations support a compact state abstraction with recoverable transition structure. We train small causal transformers on sequences from four-state hidden Markov models. The experiment fixes the latent transition law and varies emission observability. The canonical artifact contains 15 runs across five fixed seeds. Every model reaches validation loss within 0.02 nats per token of the exact Bayes predictor. Under easy observability, held-out mean rowwise Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence from the true transition matrix is 0.114. The easy shuffled control gives 0.379. Under medium observability, recovered transition KL is 0.221. The medium shuffled control gives 0.355. Recovery collapses to control performance under hard observability. Natural activation swaps and state forcing show the same decline in causal specificity. New transition-specific controls refine this result. Untrained activations yield similar transition recovery in the easy regime. In medium, trained activations improve over the untrained control by 0.049 KL on average. Probabilistic Markov-order tests show a clear first-order gain in easy. Medium shows a smaller gain. Hard shows no meaningful gain. A second latent transition law reproduces the same observability-dependent pattern. The belief-probe control fails to support learned specificity. The fixed sparse autoencoder fails to improve transition recovery. MCT therefore tests when a state-machine interpretation earns support and when the evidence rejects it.

cs.LG