Honghao Fu The University of Queensland, Miao Xu The University of Queensland and RIKEN, Yiwei Wang University of California, Merced, Dailing Zhang Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jun Liu Lancaster University, Yujun Cai The University of Queensland
Scaling multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to long videos is constrained by limited context windows. While retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising remedy by organizing query-relevant visual evidence into a compact context, most existing methods (i) flatten videos into independent segments, breaking their inherent spatio-temporal structure, and (ii) depend on explicit semantic matching, which can miss cues that are implicitly relevant to the query’s intent. To overcome these limitations, we propose VideoStir, a structured and intent-aware long-video RAG framework. It firstly structures a video as a spatio-temporal graph at clip level, and then performs multi-hop retrieval to aggregate evidence across distant yet contextually related events. Furthermore, it introduces an MLLM-backed intent-relevance scorer that retrieves frames based on their alignment with the query’s reasoning intent. To support this capability, we curate IR-600K, a large-scale dataset tailored for learning frame–query intent alignment. Experiments show that VideoStir is competitive with state-of-the-art baselines without relying on auxiliary information, highlighting the promise of shifting long-video RAG from flattened semantic matching to structured, intent-aware reasoning. Codes and checkpoints are available at https://github.com/RomGai/VideoStir.
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cs.CL · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Weikang Yuan, Kaisong Song, Zhuoren Jiang Zhejiang University, Junjie Cao, Yujie Zhang, Jun Lin, Kun Kuang Zhejiang University, Ji Zhang Alibaba Group 等 9 位作者
Legal consultation is essential for safeguarding individual rights and ensuring access to justice, yet remains costly and inaccessible to many individuals due to the shortage of professionals. While recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising path toward scalable, low-cost legal assistance, current systems fall short in handling the interactive and knowledge-intensive nature of real-world consultations. To address these challenges, we introduce LeCoDe, a multi-turn benchmark dataset constructed from publicly available real-world legal consultation content and carefully processed into a de-identified, structured research resource for evaluating and advancing research on LLMs in legal consultation settings. LeCoDe contains 3,696 multi-turn consultation cases with 110,008 dialogue turns. The dataset is further enriched through expert annotation, including key facts, fact importance, and advice summaries. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive evaluation framework that assesses LLMs’ consultation capabilities in terms of (1) clarification capability and (2) professional advice quality. This unified framework incorporates 12 metrics across two dimensions. Through extensive experiments on various general and domain-specific LLMs, our results reveal significant challenges in this task, with even state-of-the-art models like GPT-4 achieving only 35.9% recall for clarification and 59.1% overall score for advice quality, highlighting the complexity of professional consultation scenarios. Based on these findings, we further explore several strategies to enhance LLMs’ legal consultation abilities. Our benchmark contributes to advancing research in legal domain dialogue systems, particularly in simulating more real-world user-expert interactions. The resource is available at https://github.com/PiLab-ZJU/LeCoDe.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Wenqi Yang Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jianjun Li Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Zhibo Zhang, Mingqian Ding, Yushen Fang
Multi-step reasoning remains challenging for language models with limited capacity. While recent reasoning distillation approaches transfer chain-of-thought supervision from large teacher models, they typically apply uniform supervision across all Transformer components, overlooking the fact that different modules contribute unequally to reasoning. We propose Module-Aware Reasoning Distillation, a parameter-efficient framework that explicitly targets key Transformer components for effective reasoning transfer. Through systematic analysis, we identify the feed-forward network projections and the output projection of self-attention as primary bottlenecks for reasoning. Based on these findings, we introduce lightweight adapter modules at these components while freezing the backbone parameters, enabling focused and efficient distillation. Our approach adopts an offline distillation setting, where a strong teacher model provides reasoning trajectories in advance, and incorporates an adaptive supervision strategy that adjusts the strength of reasoning-related losses according to problem difficulty. Experiments on mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate consistent improvements over strong baselines, and ablation studies confirm the importance of both module-aware placement and adaptive supervision.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Yuanhong Huang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Huili Wang, Xueying Bai, Jinrui Wang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiajun Liu, Ziqin Wang, Wanchun Ni ETHZ - ETH Zurich, Shangguang Wang Xiong'an Aerospace Information Research Institute and Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications 等 9 位作者
Membership inference attack (MIA) has emerged as a promising tool for auditing the training data of LLMs, supporting data privacy and copyright protection. Most existing MIA methods rely on the assumption that LLMs assign higher confidence scores to training samples than to non-training ones.However, since LLMs generate text by sampling high-confidence tokens, they naturally produce AI-generated texts (AIGTs) that also satisfy this assumption.In this work, we empirically confirm that such AIGTs, regardless of whether they are generated by the target LLM, can lead existing MIAs to assign even higher membership likelihoods than those of true training samples, thereby significantly undermining their reliability.To address this challenge, we propose a robust membership inference framework for reliably identifying training data.Our method adopts a mixture-of-experts formulation to jointly model interactions across complementary features derived from multiple MIA methods and AIGT detectors, which can remain robust against adversarially generated samples.Furthermore, by leveraging expert components, our method provides explainable insights into the characteristics of member data.Experiments on various datasets and LLMs show that adversarial samples substantially degrade the performance of baselines, whereas our method preserves performance close to that of the unattacked setting.Codes and datasets are released at https://github.com/kong-hyh/MoMIA.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Recent advances in reasoning models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities on mathematical and coding tasks. However, their effectiveness in embodied domains, where the agent must continuously interact with environments and process observation-action interleaved trajectories, remains largely unexplored. We present Embodied-Reasoner, a reasoning model for interactive embodied tasks. Unlike mathematical reasoning that relies primarily on logical deduction, embodied scenarios demand spatial understanding, temporal reasoning, and ongoing self-reflection based on interaction history. To address these challenges, we synthesize 9.3k coherent Observation-Thought-Action trajectories containing 64k ego-centric images and 90k diverse reasoning processes (analysis, spatial reasoning, reflection, planning, and verification). We develop a three-stage training recipe that progressively enhances the model’s capabilities through imitation learning, rejection sampling tuning on self-exploration trajectories, and reflection tuning. The evaluation shows that our model significantly outperforms advanced visual reasoning models, e.g., exceeds OpenAI o1, o3-mini, and Claude-3.7 by +9%, 24%, and +13%. Analysis reveals that our model exhibits fewer repeated searches and logical inconsistencies, with particular advantages in complex long-horizon tasks. Real-world testing further validates the effectiveness of our approach.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Ziyi Wang, Yuxuan Lu, Wenbo Li, Amirali Amini Northeastern University and Sharif University of Technology, Bo Sun Northeastern University, Yakov Bart Northeastern University, Weimin Lyu Amazon, Jiri Gesi Amazon Science 等 16 位作者
Can Large Language models (LLMs) accurately simulate the next web action of a specific user? While LLMs have shown promising capabilities in generating believable human behaviors, evaluating their ability to mimic real user behaviors remains an open challenge, largely due to the lack of high-quality, publicly available datasets that capture both the observable actions and the internal reasoning of an actual human user. To address this gap, we introduce OPeRA, a novel dataset of Observation, Persona, Rationale, and Action collected from real human participants during online shopping sessions. OPeRA is the first public dataset that comprehensively captures: user personas, browser observations, fine-grained web actions, and self-reported just-in-time rationales. We developed both an online questionnaire and a custom browser plugin to gather this dataset with high fidelity. Using OPeRA, we establish the first benchmark to evaluate how well current LLMs can predict a specific user’s next action and rationale with a given persona and history. This dataset lays the groundwork for future research into LLM agents that aim to act as personalized digital twins for human.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
ZhongDong Li, Weijie Shi Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Yue Cui Alibaba Group, Haolun MA The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Yuanjun Liu, Jiawei Li Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, An Liu Soochow University, Jia Zhu Zhejiang Normal University 等 9 位作者
Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on standard benchmarks, yet their performance is not robust across different task manifestations. It remains unclear how performance changes under controlled task rewrites that preserve the original solution structure, while varying the rewrite type and level. To address this question, we introduce ReTRE (Rewrite-based Transfer Robustness Evaluation), an evaluation benchmark inspired by learning transfer theory that probes transfer robustness along two rewrite levels: Near Transfer and Far Transfer. ReTRE employs a multi-agent system to construct textual and visual variants while preserving the structure of the original solution. Evaluations on mathematical and science tasks across state-of-the-art multimodal LLMs reveal a consistent transfer gap: performance exhibits a general declining trend as transfer similarity drops and strong text performance can face performance decline under cross-modal transfer. Crucially, we identify a divergence between post-training paradigms: reinforcement learning preserves transfer robustness, whereas supervised fine-tuning tends to overfit the training distribution, leading to severe degradation in far-transfer performance despite strong in-distribution accuracy.
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cs.CL · cs.MA · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Jinghan Yu, Junhao Xiao, Chenyu Zhu, Jiaming Li, Jia Li, HanMing Deng Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Xirui Wang, Guoli Jia Tsinghua University 等 12 位作者
Existing text-guided image editing methods primarily rely on end-to-end pixel-level inpainting paradigm. Despite its success in simple scenarios, this paradigm still significantly struggles with compositional editing tasks that require precise local control and complex multi-object spatial reasoning. This paradigm is severely limited by 1) the implicit coupling of planning and execution, 2) the lack of object-level control granularity, and 3) the reliance on unstructured, pixel-centric modeling. To address these limitations, we propose I2E, a novel "Decompose-then-Action” paradigm that revisits image editing as an actionable interaction process within a structured environment. I2E utilizes a Decomposer to transform unstructured images into discrete, manipulable object layers and then introduces a physics-aware Vision-Language-Action Agent to parse complex instructions into a series of atomic actions via Chain-of-Thought reasoning. Further, we also construct I2E-Bench, a benchmark designed for multi-instance spatial reasoning and high-precision editing. Experimental results on I2E-Bench and multiple public benchmarks demonstrate that I2E significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods in handling complex compositional instructions, maintaining physical plausibility, and ensuring multi-turn editing stability.
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cs.CL · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Guozheng Li Southeast University, Peng Wang, Zijie Xu, Jing Zhou Southeast University, Jiajun Liu, Ziyu Shang Southeast University
Relation extraction (RE) identifies semantic relations between entities in text, with existing methods falling into two main paradigms: discriminative and generative. Discriminative models encode sentences and entities into relation representations and classify the most likely relation, whereas generative models directly produce relation labels through sequence generation. Although the latter have benefited from recent advances in large language models (LLMs), their performance remains limited by bottlenecks. In this work, we present the systematic investigation of how discriminative models can support generative RE. We propose the Discriminative-to-Generative (D2G) framework, which first leverages discriminative models to produce a top-k set of candidate relations, and then integrates this knowledge into generative models via in-context or prompt learning. Extensive experiments on five widely used RE benchmarks demonstrate that D2G consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance, with notable gains on long-tailed relation classes.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Data selection is a critical aspect of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Current data selection methods are largely heuristic-based, lacking theoretical guarantees and generalizability. This work proposes a theoretically-grounded approach using influence functions to estimate the contribution of each data point to the learning objective. To overcome the prohibitive computational cost of policy rollouts required for online influence estimation, we introduce an off-policy influence estimation method that efficiently approximates data influence using pre-collected offline trajectories. Furthermore, to manage the high-dimensional gradients of LLMs, we employ sparse random projection to reduce dimensionality and improve storage and computation efficiency. Leveraging these techniques, we develop Curriculum RL with Off-Policy Influence guidance (CROPI), a multi-stage RL framework that iteratively selects the most influential data for the current policy. Experiments on models up to 7B parameters demonstrate that CROPI significantly accelerates training. On a 1.5B model, it achieves a 2.66x step-level acceleration while using only 10% of the data per stage compared to full-dataset training. Our results highlight the substantial potential of influence-based data selection for efficient RLVR.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Ye Wang Fudan University, Qianglong Chen, Siyuan Wang The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Zejun Li, Shijie Guo, Zhirui Zhang, Zhongyu Wei Fudan University
Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on vision-language tasks, yet often fail to preserve and effectively leverage visual evidence throughout generation. We identify three fundamental types of visual grounding failures: Long-Context Grounding Error, where visual information gradually decays over long sequences; Fine-Grained Grounding Error, where low-resolution or degraded inputs hinder the recovery of detailed visual information; and Regional Grounding Error, where spatially diffuse attention weakens region-level vision-language alignment. To address these issues, we propose a tool-augmented reasoning framework with three targeted compensation strategies: reuse, which re-injects the original image to mitigate visual forgetting; focus_area, which constrains attention to task-relevant regions; and zoom_in, which enhances visual resolution for fine-grained perception. We further construct the TWI-Tools-146K dataset and develop Simple-VGC, a tool-augmented MLLM that interleaves visual and textual tokens. Extensive experiments show that each tool yields targeted improvements for its corresponding grounding error, while their combination produces synergistic gains in visual reasoning. Beyond performance, our analysis provides mechanistic insights into how tool-based interventions improve visual grounding, pointing toward more reliable multimodal reasoning.
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cs.CL · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Xinyu Zhang Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yuchen Wan, Boxuan Zhang, Zesheng Yang, Lingling Zhang Xi'an Jiaotong University, Bifan Wei Xi'an Jiaotong University, Jun Liu Xi'an Jiaotong University
Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with structural ambiguity in optimization problems, where a single problem admits multiple related but conflicting modeling paradigms, hindering effective solution generation. To address this, we propose Dual-Cluster Memory Agent (DCM-Agent) to enhance performance by leveraging historical solutions in a training-free manner. Central to this is Dual-Cluster Memory Construction. This agent assigns historical solutions to modeling and coding clusters, then distills each cluster’s content into three structured types: Approach, Checklist, and Pitfall. This process derives generalizable guidance knowledge. Furthermore, this agent introduces Memory-augmented Inference to dynamically navigate solution paths, detect and repair errors, and adaptively switch reasoning paths with structured knowledge. The experiments across seven optimization benchmarks demonstrate that DCM-Agent achieves an average performance improvement of 11%- 21%. Notably, our analysis reveals a “knowledge inheritance” phenomenon: memory constructed by larger models can guide smaller models toward superior performance, highlighting the framework’s scalability and efficiency.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zijun Liu, Zhennan Wan, Peng Li Tsinghua University, Ming Yan Alibaba Group, Fei Huang Alibaba Group US, Yang Liu
With the rapid advancement of post-training techniques for reasoning and information seeking, large language models (LLMs) can incorporate a large quantity of retrieved knowledge to solve complex tasks. However, the limited context window of LLMs obstructs scaling the amount of external knowledge input, prohibiting further improvement. Existing context window extension methods inevitably cause information loss. LLM-based multi-agent methods emerge as a new paradigm to handle massive input in a distributional manner, where we identify two core bottlenecks in existing agent orchestration designs. In this work, we develop a multi-agent framework, ExtAgents, to overcome the bottlenecks and enable better scalability in inference-time knowledge integration without longer-context training. Benchmarked with our enhanced multi-hop question answering test, \boldsymbol\inftyBench+, and other public test sets including long survey generation, ExtAgents significantly enhances the performance over existing non-training methods with the same amount of external knowledge input, regardless of whether it falls within or exceeds the context window. Moreover, the method maintains efficiency due to high parallelism. We believe further study in the coordination of LLM agents on increasing external knowledge input could benefit real-world applications.
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cs.CL · cs.MA
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zheng Jia, Shengbin Yue, Wei Chen Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Siyuan Wang The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Yidong Liu Harbin Institute of Technology and Midu Technology CO.,Ltd., Zejun Li, Yun Song, Zhongyu Wei Fudan University
The gap between existing benchmarks and the dynamic nature of real-world legal practice poses a key barrier to advancing legal intelligence. To this end, we introduce J1-ENVS, the first interactive and dynamic legal environment tailored for LLM-based agents. Guided by legal experts, it comprises six representative scenarios from Chinese legal practices at three levels of environmental complexity. We further introduce J1-EVAL, a dual-metric evaluation framework, designed to assess both task performance and procedural compliance across varying levels of legal proficiency. Extensive experiments on 17 LLM agents reveal that while many models demonstrate solid legal knowledge, they struggle with procedural execution in dynamic settings. Even the SOTA model is below 60% overall performance . These findings highlight persistent challenges in achieving dynamic legal intelligence and offer valuable insights to guide future research.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Yuexiao Liu, Lijun Li Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Xingjun Wang Tsinghua University, Jing Shao Shanghai AI Laboratory
Recent advancements in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) have gained significant attention due to their objective and verifiable reward signals, demonstrating strong performance in reasoning and code generation tasks. However, the potential safety risks associated with RLVR remain underexplored. This paper presents HarmRLVR, the first systematic investigation into the alignment reversibility risk of RLVR. We show that safety alignment can be rapidly reversed using GRPO with merely 64 harmful prompts without responses, causing models to readily comply with harmful instructions. Across five models from Llama, Qwen, and DeepSeek, we empirically demonstrate that RLVR-based attacks elevate the average harmfulness score to 4.94 with an attack success rate of 96.01%, significantly outperforming harmful fine-tuning while preserving general capabilities. Our findings reveal that RLVR can be efficiently exploited for harmful alignment, posing serious threats to open-source model safety.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Chuanxin Zhang, Jiajun Liu, Yao He, Wenjun Ke Southeast University, Peng Wang, Yankun Le, Sirui Liu, Zhaoyu Yang
Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a crucial paradigm for enhancing large language model (LLM) performance on multi-step reasoning tasks.However, the internal mechanisms by which LLMs invoke knowledge and propagate information across different steps of the CoT are poorly understood.To fill this gap, we propose a multi-stage probing framework that enforces structured reasoning with three explicit stages: keyword extraction, theorem generation, and computation execution.The framework integrates attention knockout to trace cross-layer information flow and theorem probing to examine how specific contents are encoded within representations.To enable controlled and stage-aligned analysis, we construct a structured CoT dataset that covers the mathematics and physics domains. Experiments on four instruction-tuned LLMs reveal distinct stage-specific patterns.First, keyword information is progressively aggregated into the final token in later layers.Second, theorem semantics are encoded in the mid-to-late layers and undergo two stages of propagation.Finally, parameter substitution is achieved through joint extraction by the final token and other tokens.The first parameter predominantly relies on the final token, whereas later parameters increasingly depend on information extracted by other tokens.Overall, our findings shed light on the neural implementation of CoT reasoning and provide actionable insights for developing more interpretable and reasoning-capable LLMs.We further evaluate a free-form prompting setting without labeled fields and observe consistent qualitative trends.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Jing Zhou Southeast University, Peng Wang, Wenjun Ke Southeast University, Jiajun Liu, Yao He
Unified Information Extraction (UIE) aims to handle heterogeneous IE tasks within a single framework, but existing methods often suffer from inconsistent schema representation, implicitly intermediate reasoning and full-parameter adaptation, which limit generalization, interpretability and parameter efficiency. To address these issues, we propose UC-UIE (Universal Capabilities-based Unified Information Extractor), a unified framework based on Large Language Model (LLM), which introduces a unified frame-and-slots schema for IE tasks and explicitly decomposes IE reasoning into three universal capabilities: judging, locating, and associating. Furthermore, UC-UIE adopts a Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) based hierarchical Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) adapter to fine-tune LLMs for IE tasks, which explicitly models these three capabilities in a task-driven way while ensuring parameter efficiency. With only 1.24% trainable parameters, UC-UIE outperforms full-parameter tuning methods, showing excellent parameter efficiency. Zero-shot evaluation reveals its strong generalization ability to unseen domains and schemas, benefiting from unified schema representation and explicit capability decomposition. Further experiments validate that the hierarchical MoE adapter learns capability specialization and composition, which enhances both UIE performance and interpretability.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Xuanwen Ding, Chengjun Pan, Zejun Li, Jiwen Zhang Fudan University, Siyuan Wang The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Zhongyu Wei Fudan University
Evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is becoming increasingly expensive as benchmarks grow in scale and cross-modality complexity. Inspired by structuralism in cognitive psychology, we tackle this difficulty with an adaptive evaluation framework for efficient benchmarking, namely AutoJudger. Instead of passively scoring on a fixed test set, AutoJudger treats evaluation as an interview-like process by keeping a hypothesized ability structure of the evaluated model and actively selecting the informative questions so as to refine these ability boundaries. Specifically, AutoJudger has three core components: ability decomposition to organize evaluation along meaningful capability dimensions, ability estimation to maintain an up-to-date quantitative profile of the model competence, and adaptive question selection to choose the most informative questions. To operationalize this paradigm, we introduce A^2-Judger, a novel MLLM-based Agentic instantiation of AutoJudger equipped with semantic-aware retrieval and dynamic memory. Experiments on four representative multimodal benchmarks show that A^2-Judger significantly improves sample efficiency while maintaining reliable evaluation results.
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cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Peiru Yang Tsinghua University, Haoran Zheng, Tong Ju, Shiting Wang, Wanchun Ni ETHZ - ETH Zurich, Jiajun Liu, Shangguang Wang Xiong'an Aerospace Information Research Institute and Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Yongfeng Huang Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University 等 9 位作者
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a widely adopted paradigm for enhancing LLMs in medical applications by incorporating expert multi-modal knowledge during generation. However, the underlying retrieval databases may naturally contain, or be intentionally injected with, adversarial knowledge, which can perturb model outputs and undermine system reliability. To investigate this risk, prior studies have explored knowledge poisoning attacks in medical RAG systems. Nevertheless, most of them rely on the strong assumption that adversaries possess prior knowledge of user queries, which is unrealistic in deployments and substantially limits their practical applicability. In this paper, we propose M^3Att, a knowledge-poisoning framework designed for medical multimodal RAG systems, assuming only limited distribution knowledge of the underlying database. Our core idea is to inject covert misinformation into textual data while using paired visual data as a query-agnostic trigger to promote retrieval. We first propose a unified framework that introduces imperceptible perturbations to visual inputs to manipulate retrieval probabilities. Besides, due to the prior medical knowledge in LLMs, naively poisoned medical content with explicit factual errors can be corrected during generation. Thus, we leverage the inherent ambiguity of medical diagnosis and design a covert misinformation injection strategy that degrades diagnostic accuracy while evading model self-correction. Experiments on five LLMs and datasets demonstrate that M^3Att consistently produces clinically plausible yet incorrect generations. Codes: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/M3Att.
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cs.CL · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Yuxuan Lu, Bingsheng Yao Northeastern University, Shao Zhang Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Yisi Sang Amazon, Yun Wang Microsoft Research, Hansu Gu Amazon, Peng Zhang, Tun Lu Fudan University 等 10 位作者
Deploying machine learning models in real-world domain-specific scenarios is challenged by the scarcity of expert annotations and by data drift, where the statistical properties of incoming data continuously evolve. Active Learning (AL) iteratively improves compact models with expert annotations but suffers from recurring cold-start degradation, while LLMs provide strong off-the-shelf performance yet cannot leverage newly accumulated labels, raising the question: how can we better leverage LLMs to assist the active learning process? Through an empirical study on five legal and biomedical datasets, we reveal a complementary temporal dynamic: LLMs excel during early and post-drift stages, while AL-assisted compact models eventually surpass them as annotations accumulate. Motivated by this finding, we propose an ensemble system that combines an LLM, an AL-assisted compact model, and an automatic switch module that routes predictions to the better-performing model in real time. Evaluated under simulated data drift on two mental health datasets, our system achieves 96–98% switch accuracy and consistently outperforms either model used alone.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 4: Student Research Workshop) · 2026 · 正式发表