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原文摘要

This paper studies covert system identification in cyber-physical systems, where an attacker infers plant dynamics while attempting to remain stealthy. We introduce a lightweight static linear model in which the time to execute a setpoint change is proportional to the commanded speed difference. On a Siemens PROFINET testbed this gain captures the drive's ramp response accurately but not its terminal overshoot. That omitted transient becomes the attacker's main exposure: on real traces, the residual left by the linear masking procedure is detected by two anomaly monitors, Process-Aware Stealthy-Attack Detection (PASAD) and the CUSUM change detector. Across the cascade identification and staircase attack strategies defined in the paper, the stealth boundary relates to the plant's own settling transients, a structural limit for this class of models under the adopted detector-calibration regime. Comparison against dynamic models obtained by N4SID, trained at multiple excitation amplitudes, shows that the evaluated N4SID models do not improve stealth over the structure-informed ramp model. Since per-cycle computation is negligible for both procedures, the binding trade-off is not inference cost but whether the attacker can acquire and refresh a model without injecting detectable perturbations.