Learning Graph Beliefs for Active Radio Mapping With Decision-Certified Multi-Step Sensing
Wangqian Chen, Hao Wang, Yumeng Zhang, Chenghong Bian, Junting Chen, Jun Zhang
Radio maps provide essential wireless propagation knowledge for network optimization and autonomous platforms. Acquiring dense measurements, however, is prohibitively costly, requiring active sampling to prioritize informative measurements. Existing active sampling methods typically rely on variances from prescribed spatial models or learned pointwise uncertainty, which may not fully capture the spatial correlation of different measurements. This paper proposes GraphBARC, a graph-structured active radio map construction framework that integrates learned spatial modeling with analytical Bayesian inference. A graph network learns correlated node and edge factors using only acquired measurements, inducing a joint full-map belief that supports analytical observation updates without retraining. Rather than immediate one-step acquisition, it adopts a nonmyopic sensing strategy that evaluates joint map-wide Bayes risk reduction over feasible multi-step routes, accounting for information redundancy among planned measurements. We reuse candidate responses and derive residual-based bounds directly on route-value differences, retaining shared response-error structure to avoid uniformly high-accuracy evaluation. An error-aware continuation bound screens unpromising prefixes, after which only responses needed for unresolved comparisons are refined. We further establish a computable decision-gap bound and show that certified exclusions remain valid during refinement. Experiments show that GraphBARC reduces mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) by over 16% relative to the evaluated baselines and core planning time by 56% compared with the fixed-accuracy, unpruned implementation.
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