Zhen Wan, Chao-Han Huck Yang NVIDIA Research, Jinchuan Tian, Hanrong Ye NVIDIA, Ankita Pasad NVIDIA, Szu-Wei Fu NVIDIA and Microsoft, Arushi Goel NVIDIA Research, Ryo Hachiuma NVIDIA 等 18 位作者
We introduce a voice-agentic framework that learns one critical omni-understanding skill: knowing when to trust itself versus when to consult external audio perception. Our work is motivated by a crucial yet counterintuitive finding: naively fine-tuning an omni-model on both speech recognition and external sound understanding tasks often degrades performance, as the model can be easily misled by noisy hypotheses. To address this, our framework, Speech-Hands, recasts the problem as an explicit self-reflection decision. This learnable reflection primitive proves effective in preventing the model from being derailed by flawed external candidates. We show that this agentic action mechanism generalizes naturally from speech recognition to complex, multiple-choice audio reasoning. Across the OpenASR leaderboard, which includes seven domain-diverse speech datasets, Speech-Hands consistently outperforms strong baselines by 12.1% WER on the OpenASR benchmark. The model also achieves 77.37% accuracy and high F1 on audio QA decisions, showing robust generalization and reliability across diverse audio question answering datasets. By unifying perception and decision-making, our work offers a practical path toward more reliable and resilient audio intelligence.
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cs.CL · cs.AI
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Prompt sensitivity, which refers to how strongly the output of a large language model (LLM) depends on the exact wording of its input prompt, raises concerns among users about the LLM’s stability and reliability. In this work, we consider LLMs as multivariate functions and perform a first-order Taylor expansion, thereby analyzing the relationship between meaning-preserving prompts, their gradients, and the log probabilities of the model’s next token. We derive an upper bound on the difference between log probabilities using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. We show that LLMs do not internally cluster similar inputs like smaller neural networks do, but instead disperse them. This dispersing behavior leads to an excessively high upper bound on the difference of log probabilities between two meaning-preserving prompts, making it difficult to effectively reduce to 0. In our analysis, we also show which types of meaning-preserving prompt variants are more likely to introduce prompt sensitivity risks in LLMs. In addition, we demonstrate that the upper bound is strongly correlated with an existing prompt sensitivity metric, PromptSensiScore. Moreover, by analyzing the logit variance, we find that prompt templates typically exert a greater influence on logits than the questions themselves. Overall, our results provide a general interpretation for why current LLMs can be highly sensitive to prompts with the same meaning, offering crucial evidence for understanding the prompt sensitivity of LLMs.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Evaluating meeting effectiveness is crucial for improving organizational productivity. Current approaches rely on post-hoc surveys that yield a single coarse-grained score for an entire meeting. The reliance on manual assessment is inherently limited in scalability, cost, and reproducibility. Moreover, a single score fails to capture the dynamic nature of collaborative discussions. We propose a new paradigm for evaluating meeting effectiveness centered on novel criteria and temporal fine-grained approach. We define effectiveness as the rate of objective achievement over time and assess it for individual topical segments within a meeting. To support this task, we introduce the AMI Meeting Effectiveness (AMI-ME) dataset, a new meta-evaluation dataset containing 2,459 human-annotated segments from 130 AMI Corpus meetings. We also develop an automatic effectiveness evaluation framework that uses a Large Language Model (LLM) as a judge to score each segment’s effectiveness relative to the overall meeting objectives. Through substantial experiments, we establish a comprehensive benchmark for this new task and evaluate the framework’s generalizability across distinct meeting types, ranging from business scenarios to unstructured discussions. Furthermore, we benchmark end-to-end performance starting from raw speech to measure the capabilities of a complete system. Our results validate the framework’s effectiveness and provide strong baselines to facilitate future research in meeting analysis and multi-party dialogue. Our dataset and code will be publicly available.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表