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原文摘要

We consider discounted random walks in a directed simple graph $G=(V,E)$. Such a walk terminates at each step with a constant probability $α\in (0,1)$ and otherwise continues to a uniform random out-neighbor. Given a pair $(s,t)\in V^2$, we denote by $π(s,t)$ the probability of such a discounted random walk starting at $s$ terminates at $t$. This probability is referred to as the Personalized PageRank (PPR) of $t$ with respect to $s$. The problem of estimating $π(s,t)$ within a constant multiplicative factor with constant success probability for a given vertex pair $(s,t)$ is called the single-pair PPR estimation problem. We investigate the instance-optimality of single-pair PPR estimation in directed graphs. We present a new algorithm that aims at instance-optimal running time up to polylogarithmic factors. In other words, no correct algorithm can run faster than our algorithm on any valid graph by more than a polylogarithmic factor. We show that our algorithm is instance-optimal in the standard adjacency-list query model if $n$ is not known (as is often the case for most of the large networks to which PPR is applied). When $n$ is known, our algorithm is still instance-optimal for sparse graphs. For denser graphs, when $n$ is known, we show that no algorithm can achieve general instance-optimality. For the multiplicative approximation of PPR, we also improve the worst-case complexity from $O(mn\log n)$ to the near-optimal $O(m\log n)$. This is not only for the single-pair discussed above, but also for the single-source and single-target variants of the PPR estimation problem.