trajectory-judge: What Outcome-Only LLM Judges Miss on Agent Trajectories
Hadi Mohammadi
AI 速览：作者指出，仅依据请求与最终回复评判智能体轨迹的 LLM 评判器，其召回率可能被高估；应报告相对于干净父轨迹的配对判别力，并按故障是否进入评判器输入、是否改变环境结果分层。
A direct test of an LLM judge of agent trajectories injects faults into correct runs and reports recall, per fault type or by whether the fault broke the environment outcome (loud) or not (silent). Such recall can credit a judge with detection it does not have; paired discrimination, its flag rate on the faults minus its rate on the clean runs they came from, exposes this. Our testbed, a deterministic support desk with a scripted oracle and a one-step fault injector, labels all 400 trajectories exactly. A 14B judge shown only the request and final reply scores 34% to 76% recall on four fault types that leave the reply unchanged. There its input is the clean run's, so its paired discrimination is zero and that recall is its flag rate on clean runs. Splitting by outcome survival does not fix this: its loud recall of 84% is a paired +0.393 and its silent recall of 45% a paired +0.048, all from the two fault types that change the reply. Told to check each step, the same model flags every fault of those four types and 0 of 100 clean runs (95% CI up to 3.6%). It does not reliably check the reply: of four invented promises it flags one every time and the other three once in 42 faults. Shown every step but asked only about the reply, it still reaches a paired +0.69 on reply-unchanged faults, against +1.00 when told to check each step. We recommend reporting paired discrimination against clean parents, split by whether the fault reaches the judge's input and by outcome survival, and release the testbed, raw verdicts and analysis pipeline.
Composers develop music from an original idea, controlling how similar each new section is to it, from near repetition to new material. Game music needs this often, as its material repeats over long play. Music models, however, rarely learn to control similarity from real pieces. We further train a pretrained MIDI model on section pairs from Super Mario pieces. A label states each pair's similarity, and a context vector summarises the given section, or context. For 157 test contexts, the model generates six outputs per label. Twelve measures score the outputs; one main measure each covers melody, pitch content, rhythm and note length. On average, outputs requested as similar are more similar to their context than those requested as dissimilar, and not to other pieces. All twelve measures favour them; each main measure stays significant after correction for multiple tests. On melody, the gap comes mainly from more frequent restatement of the context's melody. Against an otherwise identical model without a label, only the request for high similarity makes outputs more similar. In a listening test, ratings followed melodic overlap with the context most closely of all measures.
World action models (WAMs) jointly generate actions and imagined futures, but a plausible prediction need not be realized by its co-generated action. We introduce WISE (\emph{World Action Inference Scaling through Evaluation}), a pre-execution selector that scores each sampled rollout on action validity and temporal regularity, inverse-dynamics consistency between the proposed action and the imagined motion, and instruction-conditioned task progress, and executes the highest-scoring candidate while keeping the WAM frozen. With four candidates per decision, WISE raises closed-loop success from 6.0\% to 24.0\% on RoboLab with Cosmos~3 Edge and from 75.1\% to 78.3\% mean success on LIBERO with DreamZero, and exceeds the best existing selector in aggregate by 4.0 and 0.9 points. Component ablations and agreement analyses show that the three scores rank candidates differently and that task progress carries the largest weight in the fused decision.
Multi-agent debate systems require agents to retain and revisit arguments across multiple rounds, yet limited context windows and unstructured memories make relevant information increasingly difficult to recover. Existing flat and pairwise-graph memories also struggle to capture higher-order relations, including multi-agent agreement, conflicting evidence, and evolving consensus. We introduce HEDGE, a selective memory framework that represents debate trajectories as semantic hypergraphs. Hyperedges connect related claims across agents, while intra-hyperedge relational graphs preserve fine-grained argumentative structure. A learned memory selection module (MSM), trained through supervised learning and reinforcement learning, routes each memory candidate to STORE, BACKUP, or OMIT, retaining useful information while limiting redundancy. Across seven diverse benchmarks, HEDGE consistently outperforms strong single-agent, multi-agent, and memory baselines, improving accuracy by 5.0 points on average over the strongest multi-agent system with GPT-4o-mini. The gains reach 8.2 points on conflict-heavy tasks, while HEDGE reduces memory usage by 48% and the number of debate rounds by 34%.
My Chiffon Nguyen, Tianyi Hu, Vinod Anbalagan, Henry Gagnier, Pouya Sadeghi, Farah Abdou, Tidor-Vlad Pricope, Diego MMS Oliveira 等 164 位作者
As LLMs expand their language coverage, evaluating how well they understand and represent diverse cultures becomes increasingly important. However, many benchmarks remain English-centric, with limited cultural coverage and a focus on factual knowledge over its application in real-world cultural contexts. We propose CulturalRiddles, a benchmark of original, culturally grounded riddles created entirely by humans through a participatory community effort, spanning 62 cultures (45 countries, 51 languages). These riddles are deeply rooted in their respective cultures and require abductive and compositional reasoning, alongside detailed factual and social knowledge, language skills, and an understanding of culturally specific associations. We benchmark 28 LLM configurations using both automatic and large-scale human evaluation. Even frontier models achieve at most 22% accuracy in some communities. We publicly release all artifacts alongside an open contribution process to expand the benchmark's linguistic and cultural coverage.
Mohammad Mahdi Moradi, Walid Ahmed, Shuangyue Wen, Sudhir Mudur, Weiwei Zhang, Yang Liu
Production LLMs must balance modeling quality with predictable latency, stable accelerator utilization, and cost-efficient scaling—constraints that remain difficult for existing architectures. Transformers provide strong reasoning but incur quadratic complexity, while state-space models (SSMs) scale efficiently yet lack fine-grained interactions; prior hybrids either introduce sequential bottlenecks or rely on learned routing that complicates deployment. We present FlowHN, a deployment-oriented parallel hybrid architecture that enables deterministic conditional computation via FLOP-aware token circulation across attention and SSM branches. Instead of dynamic expert routing, FlowHN performs hardware-aligned token scheduling that balances workloads, reduces synchronization stalls, and preserves full parameter utilization. Across 135M–1B models, FlowHN achieves up to 4× higher throughput and 15% higher MFU than strong Transformer, SSM, and hybrid baselines while maintaining competitive accuracy on reasoning, coding, and long-context tasks up to 32K tokens. FlowHN is designed to integrate directly into existing Hybrid pipelines without changes to optimizers, training stacks, or inference serving infrastructure, making it practical for real-world deployment.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表
Saeed Almheiri, Bilal Elbouardi Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Salsabila Zahirah Pranida, Irina Nikishina, Ashwath Rao B Manipal University, Parameswari Krishnamurthy International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Muhammad Cendekia Airlangga, Rifo Ahmad Genadi Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence 等 19 位作者
Idiomatic expressions pose a major challenge for multilingual NLP because their meanings shift between figurative and literal usage, often requiring context for accurate interpretation. Prior work has focused on high-resource languages typically evaluates isolated idiom-meaning questions, overlooking realistic discourse. We introduce MIDI, a multilingual idiom dataset spanning 3 high-, 3 medium-, and 12 low-resource languages, curated by native speakers. Unlike previous datasets, MIDI provides idioms embedded in both sentence-level and conversational contexts, capturing both literal and figurative readings. Benchmarking state-of-the-art models shows that idiom comprehension degrades in low-resource languages and that, in all resource tiers, literal interpretations are substantially harder than figurative ones. Conversational context improves performance but does not eliminate these disparities. Through controlled tests and interventions on hidden representations, we further separate memorization from reasoning, exposing core limitations of current models.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar, Saeed Almheiri, Momina Ahsan, Bilal Elbouardi Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Younes Samih International Business Machines, Sarfraz Ahmad, Amr Keleg Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Omar El Herraoui 等 16 位作者
There is a significant gap in evaluating cultural reasoning in LLMs using conversational datasets that capture culturally rich and dialectal contexts. Most Arabic benchmarks focus on short text snippets in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), overlooking the cultural nuances that naturally arise in dialogues. To address this gap, we introduce ArabCulture-Dialogue, a culturally grounded conversational dataset covering 13 Arabic-speaking countries, in both MSA and each country’s respective dialect, spanning 12 daily-life topics and 54 fine-grained subtopics. We utilize the dataset to form three benchmarking tasks: (i) multiple-choice cultural reasoning, (ii) machine translation between MSA and dialects, and (iii) dialect-steering generation. Our experiments indicate that the performance gap between MSA and Arabic dialects still exists, whereby the models perform worse on all three tasks in the dialectal setup, compared to the MSA one.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表