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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.13294

Function Inversion Reporting

Itai Dinur, Alexander Golovnev, Chao Yan, Yiding Zhu

原文摘要

In the Function Inversion problem, the goal is to invert a function $f:[N] \to [N]$ in two phases. In the preprocessing phase, the offline algorithm computes an advice string of length $S$ bits. In the online phase, the online algorithm receives the advice and a challenge $y \in [N]$, and the goal is to find a preimage $x \in [N]$ such that $f(x) = y$ in time $T$. The problem was initially studied in cryptography, but in recent years it has found various applications to data structure problems. Yet, several of the applications require a variant of Function Inversion, known as Function Inversion Reporting, where the goal is to output all preimages of the challenge $y$. In this paper, we study the Function Inversion Reporting problem in a systematic way by unifying and improving existing algorithms. As a result, we obtain improved data structures for several problems including 3SUM-Indexing Reporting, Range Reporting, Approximate Nearest Neighbor, Jumbled Indexing Reporting, and Gapped String Indexing Reporting.

cs.DS

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.12763

PORT:通过稳健的 token 级重加权进行偏好优化

PORT: Preference Optimization via Robust Token-Level Reweighting

Ding Zhu, Xiukun Wei, Tian Xie, Zhihui Zhu, Xueru Zhang, Mohammad Mahdi Khalili

AI 速读 基于摘要

PORT 提出一种 token 级重加权框架,利用 token 对数概率的经验累积分布函数(CDF)抑制噪声偏好数据中的损坏 token,以提升大语言模型对齐的稳健性。

cs.CL · cs.AI

查看原文摘要

Preference optimization has become a central approach for aligning large language models with human values, but its effectiveness depends heavily on the quality of preference annotations. In practice, preference data is often noisy due to annotation errors and ambiguity. Existing robust preference optimization methods primarily operate at the sequence level, implicitly treating entire responses as uniformly correct or incorrect. However, rejected responses may still contain informative reasoning steps, while preferred responses can include subtle errors. In this work, we propose \textbf{P}reference \textbf{O}ptimization via \textbf{R}obust \textbf{T}oken-level reweighting \textbf{(PORT)}, a fine-grained framework for robust alignment under noisy preferences. PORT performs token-level reweighting using the empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF) of token log-probabilities, yielding an efficient forward-pass-only proxy to gradient-norm penalization that selectively suppresses corrupted tokens without additional backward-pass computation. We provide theoretical analysis showing that PORT reduces the gradient bias from noisy preference labels by minimizing an upper bound on the bias term. Extensive experiments across diverse noise settings demonstrate that PORT consistently improves robustness and outperforms existing sequence-level baselines. The code is available at https://github.com/osu-srml/PORT

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10279

Restoring General and Improving Domain-Specific Safety in Fine-Tuned LLMs Without Retraining

Vishnu Kabir Chhabra, Ding Zhu, Zhihui Zhu, Xueru Zhang, Mohammad Mahdi Khalili

原文摘要

Safety-aligned language models are known to suffer degradation in refusal behavior following domain-specific fine-tuning, even when the fine-tuning data is entirely benign. The predominant mitigation strategy, preference optimization on the fine-tuned model, is computationally expensive and requires domain-specific preference data that is often unavailable in practice. We propose SPECTRA, a training-free, weight-level method that restores refusal behavior by transferring the base model's refusal direction into the fine-tuned model's weights via an activation-aware, low-rank update, requiring no gradient-based optimization or domain-specific safety data. The low-rank design restricts the intervention to the subspace most causally active on harmful inputs, leaving benign behavior largely undisturbed by construction. Empirically, SPECTRA substantially improves refusal behavior across a comprehensive safety evaluation, while preserving general coherence, domain-specific knowledge, and producing negligible change in false refusal rates.

cs.AI · cs.LG