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原文摘要

Energy consumption is a major design concern in wireless sensor networks. Cognitive radio provides opportunistic access to licensed spectrum, while multicast routing allows several destinations to share forwarding paths. In this paper, we propose two geographic multicast routing protocols for cognitive wireless sensor networks, CCast and PCast. CCast combines multicast-tree construction with a latency-oriented spectrum-selection metric. PCast uses a normalized link-power cost to select routes and can avoid regions where primary users occupy lower-frequency bands. Both protocols use local neighbor information and destination coordinates, without requiring a complete network-topology map. Simulations compare the proposed protocols with geographic multicast routing (GMP) and multiple unicast routing. In simulations, CCast and PCast reduce energy consumption by 21\% and 26\% relative to GMP, at the cost of longer per-destination routes and higher delivery delay.