Tianyang Luo, Tao Feng, Zhigang Hua, Yan Xie, Shuang Yang, Ge Liu, Jiaxuan You
Reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning improves large language model (LLM) reasoning using reward signals on sampled rollouts. When reward labels are available for only a subset of rollouts, restricting policy updates to that subset leaves the remaining rollouts unused for policy optimization. Semi-supervised learning propagates labels from labeled to unlabeled samples, but existing methods either diffuse labels with fixed similarity weights or treat each sample independently, ignoring the relations among queries, thinking processes, and answers. We propose MemReward, a graph-based experience memory that propagates rewards to unlabeled rollouts during online policy optimization. MemReward stores queries and the rollouts (thinking processes and final answers) of an initial LLM policy as nodes of a heterogeneous graph connected by similarity and structural edges, and warms up a GNN on labeled rollouts to propagate rewards over this graph. During online RL fine-tuning, unlabeled rollouts are attached to the graph by query similarity, and the policy is updated with ground-truth rewards on labeled rollouts and GNN-predicted rewards on the rest. We evaluate MemReward on 13 benchmarks in mathematics, question answering, and code generation with verifiable rewards, and further with LLM-judge, human-preference, and continuous rewards. With ground-truth rewards on only 20% of rollouts, MemReward achieves 96.6% of the performance of fully supervised training (Oracle) on Qwen2.5-1.5B and 97.3% on Qwen2.5-3B, where it also outperforms label propagation and FixMatch-style self-training. It carries over to Llama backbones up to 8B and closely approaches Oracle on out-of-domain tasks.
Qi Xu, Zhigang Hua, Zijie Lei, Yan Xie, Jizhe Zhang, Lynn Lu, Delun Du, Sha Hua 等 13 位作者
Whole-page ranking jointly optimizes advertisements and organic content to balance business outcomes and user engagement under complex layout and business constraints. Existing non-autoregressive (NAR) approaches enable efficient page generation but typically score candidate items independently of previously selected items, limiting their ability to capture order-dependent interactions. Autoregressive (AR) methods address this limitation through sequential conditioning, but incur substantial inference overhead that challenges large-scale deployment. Bridging this quality-efficiency gap remains a challenge in industrial whole-page ranking. We propose Multi-Item Scoring (MIS), a prefix-aware NAR-style framework that incorporates sequential context into efficient multi-item scoring. MIS integrates global candidate interactions, localized prefix conditioning, and position-aware scoring within a shared representation architecture. By computing reusable representations once per request and performing lightweight prefix-conditioned scoring during constrained beam search, MIS captures important sequential dependencies without repeated full-model inference. Experiments on KuaiRand-1K and RL4RS demonstrate that MIS approaches the generation quality of an autoregressive CGA baseline while achieving 4.07x and 3.54x faster CPU decoding, respectively. In a randomized evaluation on a large-scale social-video platform, MIS improves the realization metric by 0.104% and watch time by 0.058%, while reducing ranking-service CPU consumption by 9.73%. These results demonstrate that prefix-aware multi-item scoring can narrow the quality gap between NAR and AR generation while retaining the efficiency required for industrial scalability.
Graphical user interface (GUI) agents can reuse past interaction experience. We study how illustrated procedures support action prediction and students deployed without retrieval. We introduce SkillLens, which represents procedures, applicability cues, and interface views in a shared Visual Skill Card (VSC) schema. Retrieved cards provide a frozen executor with reference evidence alongside the current screen. CardDistill uses this schema to construct privileged teacher context from labeled training steps for on-policy distillation; the student learns from native inputs and requires no retrieval at deployment. With matched training data and update counts, students trained with full-card teachers improve step success rate by an average of 5.04 percentage points over those trained with compact-text teachers across three training seeds on 119 tasks from ten websites absent from training. An independent runtime control uses training-source memory and pre-action retrieval queries: full cards achieve 12/64 correct actions (18.75%) versus 4/64 (6.25%) for text-only cards. These results establish the value of the complete VSC teacher-context package for retrieval-free students and provide evidence for pre-action retrieval of illustrated procedures.
A model is only half of an AI agent system. The other half is the inference strategy: the reasoning procedure that turns model calls into a response. Today that second half is written by hand, and the experience of building one strategy never carries to the next. We introduce Strategist, a meta-agent that evolves inference strategies across tasks. Each strategy is written as a blueprint,executable code that other strategies can reuse, and together the blueprints form a library. Given a task and a small development set, Strategist retrieves related blueprints, writes candidate strategies, tests them on real samples, and revises them from the results. Every candidate then enters the library, so later tasks build on earlier discoveries. On 30 benchmarks, Strategist beats the strongest baseline on 24 and matches its average accuracy (74.7% vs.74.0%) at 39% lower inference cost. Its strategies also transfer to unseen tasks and other models without further search. The part of an AI system that is not improved on its own now does.
Jiangmeng Li, Jinglin Xu, Yi Li, Yumeng Liu, Jiahuan Zhou, Fanjiang Xu, Hui Xiong, Gang Hua
Multimodal test-time adaptation (TTA) enables pretrained multimodal models to accommodate distribution shifts during inference using only unlabeled test data, without recourse to the original training data. Compared with unimodal adaptation, multimodal adaptation is further complicated by the coexistence and interaction of multiple representation perspectives. This complexity is particularly pronounced under modality reliability shifts, which preserve modality availability but degrade information quality, and modality availability shifts, which render the corresponding modality entirely inaccessible. Category-conditional Gaussian modeling offers a natural starting point for handling such distributional variations, having proven effective in unimodal test-time adaptation for characterizing representation distributions, yet its extension to multimodal settings requires a more elaborate formulation. To this end, we propose Adaptive Probabilistic Gaussian Calibration (AdaPGC), which extends category-conditional Gaussian modeling across modality-specific and multimodal fusion representations for probabilistic calibration under multimodal distribution shifts. AdaPGC continuously updates category-conditional Gaussian models over modality-specific and fusion representations, using the resulting probabilistic predictions to calibrate source model predictions and guide reliability based rectification, while exploiting their joint distributions to recover unavailable fusion representations. Extensive experiments under diverse modality corruption and missingness conditions demonstrate that AdaPGC effectively improves robustness under both modality reliability and availability shifts. Our source code will be released at https://github.com/XuJinglinn/AdaPGC-plus.
Vu Le, Yilun Xu, Neel Vora, Gang Huang, Deepak Ganesan, Phuc Nguyen
Qubit readout, or qubit state discrimination, remains one of the slowest and most error-prone operations in superconducting quantum processors, making fast, accurate, and hardware-efficient classification essential for scalable quantum computing. Conventional discriminators integrate the I/Q record into a single point, discarding evidence a relaxing qubit leaves behind; full-resolution feed-forward classifiers recover it but are too costly to deploy under this constraint. Recurrent classifiers retain full resolution far more cheaply, but their loop-carried hidden state cannot fit a single AI Engine (AIE) tile's register capacity and spills to data memory, adding latency that grows with sequence length. We present a hardware-aware LSTM accelerator for an AMD Versal device that resolves this by partitioning at the dependency boundary - independent input projections on the AIE array, the loop-carried update in programmable logic (PL) - keeping pace with a 64 ns input cadence under a 1,000 ns budget. On the qubit affected by mid-readout state transitions, our design matches a full-resolution feed-forward network's accuracy (96.59% vs. 96.37%) using 403x fewer parameters and roughly 103x fewer DSPs while cutting relative error by 68.2% over GMM, 43.6% over QubiCML, and 16.82% over MF-NN. Using 4 out of 400 AIE tiles and 17 DSP58, it needs 2.2-8.2x fewer DSP58 blocks than QubiCML and MF-NN, and the AIE-PL partition cuts exposed tail latency by 60.3% versus a pure-AIE mapping and DSP58 usage 31.1x versus an all-PL implementation. Across eight qubits, a compact variant reaches 96.78% mean accuracy, the strongest hardware-deployed operating point. Temporal resolution and recurrent-state placement must then be treated jointly when designing low-latency quantum readout accelerators.
Tao Feng, Zijie Lei, Zhigang Hua, Yan Xie, Shuang Yang, Ge Liu, Jiaxuan You
Large language models (LLMs) offer strong semantic representations for ranking, but processing candidate texts within limited contexts and repeatedly invoking an LLM for candidate-level comparisons can be costly when candidate pools contain millions of items. We propose LRanker, a framework for scaling LLM ranking to millions of candidates with test-time scaling. The framework combines two complementary components. A candidate aggregation encoder summarizes offline candidate embeddings using K-means clustering and conditions the LLM on compact global candidate information; ranking then uses inner-product scores with cached candidate embeddings. A graph-based test-time scaling mechanism allocates additional inference computation to partition-conditioned query embeddings and ensembles their ranking scores. This separates the ability to score large candidate pools from the use of additional test-time computation to improve ranking quality. We evaluate LRanker on seven tasks across three scenarios in RBench, including a recommendation task with more than 6.8M candidates. Against the strongest baseline reported for each task, the relative MRR improvements in RBench-Large are 27.5%, 3.9%, 0.9%, and 8.9% on Rec-Movie, Rec-Toy, MS MARCO, and ESCI, respectively. On RBench-Small, the reported task scores improve by 26.7% on Rec-Music and 6.1% on Routing-Balance; on the 6.8M-candidate Rec-Clothing task, the improvement over Tiger is 27.0%. Ablations support the complementary contributions of candidate aggregation and test-time ensembling. These results demonstrate a practical approach to million-scale LLM ranking, with test-time computation providing an additional means of improving ranking effectiveness.
Industrial Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems depend on optical character recognition (OCR) to transform visual documents into text. Existing OCR benchmarks rely on character-level metrics, which inadequately measure downstream RAG effectiveness under real-world conditions. We introduce an OCR benchmark for industrial RAG systems covering 11 challenging document types, including extreme layouts, high-resolution pages, complex or watermarked backgrounds, historical documents with non-standard reading orders, visually decorated text, and documents containing tables and mathematical formulas. Evaluating recent SOTA OCR models under a controlled OCR-first RAG pipeline shows clear performance degradation on realistic industrial documents despite strong conventional benchmark scores. We find that high OCR accuracy does not necessarily translate into strong downstream RAG performance: structural and semantic errors can cause substantial retrieval failures even when WER/CER remains low. Further analysis shows that this mismatch is category-dependent, arises through both retrieval-side and downstream generation-side failures, and remains stable across representative OCR-first pipeline choices. The benchmark is publicly available at https://github.com/Qihoo360/InduOCRBench.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表