Batch-Invariant Spectral Intelligence for Robust and Explainable Insect Authentication
Majharulislam Babor, Giacomo Rossi, Annalisa Altavilla, Oliver Schlüter, Marina M. -C. Höhne
Edible insects offer an efficient source of alternative protein, requiring less land and water and emitting less greenhouse gas than conventional livestock. However, their successful integration into the food supply chain demands reliable species authentication to control allergen exposure, prevent adulteration, and meet regulatory standards. Near-infrared spectroscopy provides a rapid analytical tool, but its performance drops when applied to production batches unseen during training due to batch-to-batch variation in spectral measurements. We introduce the Batch-Invariant Spectral Network (BISN), an end-to-end framework that combines a learnable preprocessing module, initialised with Savitzky-Golay filtering, with an unsupervised, entropy-regularised auxiliary branch connected through a gradient reversal layer. The branch uses no batch labels and supplies opposing entropy gradients to the auxiliary head and preprocessing module. Using 2,700 spectra from three species (Acheta domesticus, Hermetia illucens, and Tenebrio molitor) collected across three independent production batches, BISN achieves a mean leave-one-batch-out accuracy of 0.93 (standard deviation 0.04), outperforming the strongest baseline by four percentage points (p=0.002). Further insights gained by using explainable AI confirm that model decisions consistently rely on the lipid and protein absorption regions across all folds, connecting predictive performance to known insect biochemistry. BISN addresses both cross-batch robustness and biochemical interpretability for automated insect species authentication in a controlled benchtop setting. The source code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/majharB/bisn.
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