Finding full immersions is fixed-parameter tractable in labeled tour graphs
Hadas Barabash, Jim Geelen, Rose McCarty, Caleb McFarland, Paul Wollan
We give an $O_H(n^5)$-time algorithm to test whether an $n$-vertex labeled tour graph has a full immersion isomorphic to a labeled tour graph $H$. A labeled tour graph is a connected $4$-regular graph whose edges are labeled by binary vectors of fixed length. To obtain a full immersion, a vertex may be removed only by pairing up its four incident edges and "splitting off" both pairs, summing the labels within each pair. Even for one-bit labels, no polynomial-time algorithm was previously known for arbitrary fixed $H$. Our main tool is of independent interest: we give an algorithmic min-max theorem that, in particular, characterizes the maximum number of odd-length circuits in a rooted circuit decomposition of an Eulerian graph. Our results have implications for vertex-minors, whose study is motivated by applications in quantum networking, connections with graph minor theory, and the goal of developing an irrelevant vertex technique for dense graphs. For vertex-minors, circle graphs play the same role as planar graphs do for graph minors. As a corollary of our main theorem, we obtain a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm for apex-vertex-minor testing in $k$-apex circle graphs. We also prove an irrelevant vertex theorem for such graphs of large rank-width. More broadly, our results are essential to forthcoming work of three of the authors proving a structure theorem for graphs with a forbidden vertex-minor. There, our min-max theorem plays the role of both the algorithmic $A$-paths and Two Paths Theorems.
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