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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2508.10552

When Language Overrules: Revealing Text Dominance in Multimodal Large Language Models

Huyu Wu, Meng Tang, Xinhan Zheng, Haiyun Jiang

原文摘要

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a diverse range of multimodal tasks. However, these models suffer from a core problem known as text dominance: they depend heavily on text for their inference, while underutilizing other modalities. While prior work has acknowledged this phenomenon in vision-language tasks, often attributing it to data biases or model architectures. In this paper, we conduct the first systematic investigation of text dominance across diverse data modalities, including images, videos, audio, time-series, and graphs. To measure this imbalance, we propose two evaluation metrics: the Modality Dominance Index (MDI) and the Attention Efficiency Index (AEI). Our comprehensive analysis reveals that text dominance is both significant and pervasive across all tested modalities. Our in-depth analysis identifies three underlying causes: attention dilution from severe token redundancy in non-textual modalities, the influence of fusion architecture design, and task formulations that implicitly favor textual inputs. Furthermore, we propose a simple token compression method that effectively rebalances model attention. Applying this method to LLaVA-7B, for instance, drastically reduces its MDI from 10.23 to a well-balanced value of 0.86. Our analysis and methodological framework offer a foundation for the development of more equitable and comprehensive multimodal language models.

cs.CL · cs.AI

版本更新 · v4arXiv:2605.25246

FrontierOR: Benchmarking LLMs' Capacity for Efficient Algorithm Design in Large-Scale Optimization

Minwei Kong, Chonghe Jiang, Ao Qu, Wenbin Ouyang, Zhaoming Zeng, Xiaotong Guo, Zhekai Li, Junyi Li 等 27 位作者

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for optimization modeling and solver-code generation, yet practical operations research and optimization problems often require a harder capability: designing scalable algorithms that exploit problem structure and outperform direct formulation-and-solve baselines. Existing benchmarks are limited to small or simplified examples far below real-world scale and complexity. We introduce FrontierOR, the first literature-grounded benchmark targeting LLM-generated algorithm efficiency on realistic large-scale optimization problems. FrontierOR includes 180 diverse tasks, each derived from a paper published in a top-tier operations research venue, with standardized instances and a hidden, expert-verified evaluation suite. We evaluate recent LLMs' one-shot algorithm generation and improvements achieved through several self-evolving frameworks. The results show that current models still struggle to move from executable formulations to efficient optimization algorithms. Even the strongest LLM succeeds on only 39% of Full-set task instances, where success is defined as returning a feasible solution with an objective gap of at most 1% relative to Gurobi within its runtime. On the Hard subset, test-time evolution raises this proportion from 51% for the strongest one-shot model to 78%. FrontierOR provides a continuously maintained testbed for evaluating LLM-designed optimization algorithms under a shared protocol and controlled computational settings. Code and data are publicly released at https://github.com/Minw913/FrontierOR.

cs.AI

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.13968

Advancing a Global Framework for AI Safety and Governance for the Well-being of Humanity

Zeng Yi, Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh, Wang Zhengqi, Lu Enmeng, Chen Yu, Cao Gongce, Guo Xiaoyang, Kang Yanrong 等 76 位作者

原文摘要

The Report "Advancing a Global Framework for AI Safety and Governance for the Well-being of Humanity" is an important outcome of the AI Safety and Governance Program of World Internet Conference Specialized Committee on Artificial Intelligence in 2025. This report provides a systematic review of current global explorations and practices in AI safety and governance, identifies key issues that need to be addressed, and draws upon multilateral governance experiences from other domains. Centered on mechanism design, it explores how to build a global AI safety and governance system that ensures safety and security, promotes inclusiveness, clarifies responsibilities and accountabilities, strengthens effective coordination, and ensures authoritative and efficient governance. Guided by the principles of multilateralism and the vision of building a community with a shared future for humankind, the report proposes institutional measures and policy recommendations to establish a United Nations-centered global AI safety and governance framework. It aims to serve as a reference for governments, international organizations, enterprises, and research institutions. The report is to contribute insights and momentum to advancing people-centered and beneficial AI governance worldwide, ensuring that AI technologies truly serve the well-being of all humanity.

cs.CY

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.02324

The DynaCell Evaluation Suite for Dynamic 3D Virtual Staining of Live Cells

Alexandr A. Kalinin, Dihan Zheng, Taylla Milena Theodoro, Ivan Ivanov, Eduardo Hirata-Miyasaki, See-Chi Lee, Aofei Liu, Sricharan Reddy Varra 等 15 位作者

原文摘要

Understanding how cells respond to perturbations over time is central to cell biology and drug discovery. Live-cell imaging captures the dynamics of perturbation-induced phenotypes in individual cells. While fluorescence imaging can visualize specific molecular phenotypes, labeling and repeated illumination often affect cell health. Virtual staining offers an alternative by predicting these fluorescence images from images acquired without fluorescent labels. Although many virtual staining models have been developed, their performance on volumetric time-lapse data remains poorly characterized. We address this gap with an evaluation suite for 3D time-lapse virtual staining of live cells. The suite combines paired 3D time-lapse images acquired with and without fluorescent labels, a set of baseline models, and three metric tiers measuring pixel-level fidelity, organelle segmentation performance, and single-cell phenotype similarity. Using this evaluation suite, we study metric and model behavior across 3 cell types, 2 microscopes, 4 organelles, and 3 perturbation states. We find that regression baselines better predict the spatial localization of target organelles, whereas the generative baseline better captures the distribution of phenotypes across cells. These differences expose trade-offs between structural and phenotypic fidelity that are obscured by single-metric evaluation and suggest how virtual staining models can be developed for diverse downstream tasks such as localization, segmentation, tracking, and phenotypic profiling. We release the curated datasets, baseline checkpoints, and evaluation code as part of DynaCell, a broader framework for image-based profiling of cell-state dynamics.

cs.CV · q-bio.QM

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10281

Transit-Oriented Land Use Planning Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Bo Yang, Yuebing Liang, Zhan Zhao, Fangyi Ding, Yunhan Zheng, Shenhao Wang, Jinhua Zhao

原文摘要

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is a key strategy for advancing sustainable urban development by promoting high-density, mixed-use land development within walking distance of public transit stations. However, traditional TOD planning often relies on heuristic methods, making it difficult to efficiently identify quantitatively optimized transit-oriented land use patterns. This paper presents DRL4TOD, a deep reinforcement learning framework that automatically optimizes land use types and floor area ratios (FARs) around transit stations in alignment with TOD principles. DRL4TOD incorporates a graph neural network to capture spatial interdependencies among land parcels, road networks, and metro stations, and uses a DRL-based optimization strategy to assign land-use types and FARs to selected parcels. It jointly optimizes multiple objectives, including land use density, land use diversity, and transit capacity utilization, while minimizing reconstruction costs to account for development feasibility. Applied to two real-world station areas in Shanghai, DRL4TOD consistently outperforms rule-based approaches and genetic algorithms, achieving more effective TOD outcomes with lower reconstruction costs. By adjusting objective weights, the framework enables flexible prioritization, such as placing greater emphasis on cost minimization when financial feasibility is a concern. These results demonstrate DRL4TOD's potential as a decision-support tool for generating coordinated land-use and FAR configurations under planner-specified priorities, rather than prescribing a single fixed design. For policymakers, the framework provides parcel-level, constraint-aware alternatives that make trade-offs among competing objectives explicit and support targeted decisions about development intensity and feasibility.

cs.LG · cs.AI

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.09661

Video2Asset: Online Construction of Persistent 3D Street-Scene Assets

Zihan Zheng, Chunlei Cai, Zhenlong Wu, Linjun Li, Yichen Gong, Xiaoyun Zhang, Qiang Hu

原文摘要

Online 3D street-scene asset construction turns multi-view video into a continually updated scene of independently editable objects. The central challenge is to accumulate partial, intermittent observations under motion and occlusion without fragmenting identities or mixing evidence across objects. To address this challenge, we propose Video2Asset, an online framework for constructing persistent 3D assets from multi-view video. Using occupancy as an intermediate representation, we construct identity-aware observations with Historical Carrier Guidance for instance decoding and an identity encoder fusing instance-aligned 3D features with multi-view appearance. Accumulated-Evidence Association compares current observations with identity, geometric, and appearance evidence accumulated within asset records to determine identity inheritance and update world-coordinate states. We instantiate meshes from an asset library using these states and combine them with an occupancy-derived static background to support scene visualization, mesh replacement, object deletion, and trajectory editing. Experiments on several datasets demonstrate improvements in temporal identity consistency and asset quality across multiple occupancy models, including a 15.4% reduction in asset fragmentation on nuScenes with SGE.

cs.CV

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.08910

Task-Contribution Dynamics of Adam in Physics-Informed Neural Networks: Slow-Manifold Analysis and Gradient Modulation

Enzhan Zheng, Xiaoliang Song

原文摘要

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) often suffer from imbalanced optimization of competing loss components, particularly when approximating solutions with high-frequency or multiscale features. Although existing balancing strategies have proven effective in alleviating this difficulty, the mechanisms governing the evolution of individual task contributions to Adam's parameter updates remain insufficiently understood. We introduce task-wise indicators to characterize this evolution and identify three distinct training regimes: smooth variation, intermittent spikes, and persistent oscillations. Focusing on the early smooth regime, we combine discrete-time analysis with a continuous-time singular perturbation framework under the full-batch setting and the parameter regime $(1-β_2)/(1-β_1)\ll1$. A first-order approximation of the locally attracting slow manifold reveals two factors governing the step-to-step redistribution of task contributions: curvature-related alignment disparities and differences in the coordinatewise distributions of preconditioned task gradients. Both factors involve Adam's shared second-moment estimate. Inspired by AdaTask, we propose Gradient-Modulated Adam (GMAdam), which modulates incoming task gradients using task-specific second-moment estimates. Numerical experiments on high-frequency Poisson and wave equations, the Allen-Cahn equation, and two-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow ($Re=100,400$) demonstrate consistent improvements in predictive accuracy over AdaTask at comparable computational cost.

math.NA · cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04203

Toward User-Centered Agentic Recommendation: When Does Platform Competition Benefit Users?

Kehan Zheng, Deyao Hong, Qian Li, Jun Zhang, Jie Jiang, Hongning Wang

原文摘要

Conventional recommender systems operate within platform-specific catalogs, limiting access to potentially valuable resources across platforms. We propose user-centered agentic recommendation, a paradigm in which user agents compare recommendations from competing platform agents, and formalize their interaction as a repeated game. Platforms strategically modify descriptions without changing intrinsic item value, while each user agent assesses platform credibility using feedback from consumed items only. Our analysis shows that expanded resource access need not improve user welfare: strategic misrepresentation and limited verification can offset the benefits of platform competition. We quantify when platform credibility assessment allows users to benefit from broader access despite strategic exaggeration. Our analysis identifies resource and reporting conditions that guarantee higher average welfare than the original platform with an interaction budget linear in platform count. Experiments on synthetic and Amazon-grounded markets show that credibility assessment can improve finite-horizon utility, while its benefits depend on market size and mechanism parameters.

cs.AI

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.02767

GaussFlaw: Fine-Grained Perceptual Diagnosis for 3D Gaussian Splatting

Shaocheng Shen, Zihan Zheng, Kejin Li, Lu Liu, Xiaoyun Zhang, Qiang Hu, Wenjun Zhang

原文摘要

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) enables photorealistic novel- view synthesis with real-time rendering, yet fine-grained di- agnosis of its rendering artifacts remains challenging. These artifacts are typically spatially localized and exhibit diverse degradation patterns, making them difficult to character- ize using global quality metrics and image-level assessment benchmarks, which provide no explicit indication of where they occur or what types of artifacts they represent. To ad- dress this limitation, we introduce GaussFlaw-80K, the first large-scale dataset for fine-grained perceptual diagnosis in 3DGS. Constructed through a model-assisted human-in-the- loop pipeline, GaussFlaw-80K contains 80,049 artifact re- gions across 14,289 rendered images, each annotated with a pixel-level mask and one of eight flaw labels spanning ge- ometric, blending, and photometric degradations. These an- notations turn 3DGS artifact diagnosis into an explicit and measurable task. Building on this dataset, we propose Ge- oCritic, a geometry-guided multi-task model that integrates RGB appearance with depth-derived cues to jointly localize artifacts and classify their flaw types. Beyond evaluation, we further demonstrate the downstream benefits of fine-grained diagnosis through three complementary targeted operations: Gaussian densification, attribute correction, and outlier prun- ing. Experiments show that GeoCritic achieves an AUC-J of 0.9507 and an Acc@1 of 80.08%, while diagnosis-guided re- finement improves all reported global and crop-level metrics across diverse datasets and 3DGS backbones.

cs.CV

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.02415

Behavior-Discriminative Reward Shaping for Reward-Robust Reinforcement Learning

Zixuan Liu, Fangzheng Wu, Brian Summa, Zizhan Zheng

原文摘要

Reward-robust RL typically models misspecification by specifying an uncertainty set that constrains the discrepancy of plausible rewards from a base reward. However, such reward space discrepancies can be behaviorally irrelevant: under potential-based reward shaping (PBRS), many distinct rewards preserve policy ordering. This can introduce substantial redundancy into standard uncertainty sets and degrade optimization performance. We propose Shaping-Aware Reward-Robust RL, which constructs uncertainty sets over PBRS equivalence classes by projecting each reward to a canonical representative, ensuring that the resulting set contains only rewards that induce behaviorally distinct policy rankings. We prove that this projection preserves the optimal robust value while shrinking the uncertainty set and improving empirical performance. Using the connection between robustness and regularization, we obtain a practical algorithm to solve the shaping-aware reward-robust RL problem and enjoy convergence guarantees under standard assumptions. Experiments on benchmarks spanning diverse task domains and levels of complexity show consistent improvements over representative robust RL baselines and exhibit improved robustness to reward perturbations.

cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.02132

TSSDA: An Autonomous Agent for Constructing a Time-Series Text-to-SQL Benchmark

Zhihan Zheng, Shaoxu Song, Haitao Yuan, Minxiao Chen

原文摘要

As agents increasingly undertake data querying, Text-to-SQL serves as a foundational capability for database access. However, for text-to-SQL in time-series databases, high-quality benchmarks and large-scale training corpora remain scarce, limiting the systematic evaluation and domain adaptation of existing models and agents. Existing automated SQL generation approaches lack sufficient autonomy, leaving key challenges unresolved. First, numerous combinations of temporal syntax and functions complicate comprehensive coverage of valid queries. Second, as the corpus grows, generating valuable and diverse new data becomes increasingly challenging. Third, schema and data heterogeneity hinder reuse of temporal query structures, limiting generation efficiency. To address these challenges, we propose TSSDA, a Time-Series SQL (TSSQL) Generation Data Agent framework, and construct TERN, a comprehensive Time-sERies text-to-SQL beNchmark. First, to achieve broad coverage of valid queries, we systematically model TSSQL syntax and semantics to construct a data generation space. Next, to explore the space and improve diversity, we develop a Data Agent that autonomously orchestrates data generation. The agent comprises a planning and decision-making module and a query generation module, with online adaptation for continuous self-improvement. Finally, we introduce a temporal-aware memory that enables adaptive reuse of experience across heterogeneous data instances, improving generation efficiency. Comprehensive evaluations on TERN reveal the limitations of existing methods in performing Text-to-TSSQL tasks. Furthermore, extensive experiments demonstrate that TSSDA substantially improves coverage, diversity, and complexity.

cs.LG · cs.DB

新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.40031

AI Cosmos: An Agentic Infra for Situated Learning

AI Cosmos Team, Jinfeng Zhou, Yuxuan Chen, Fangming Chang, Mingyu Su, Yifan Zhu, Yuan Wang, Bo Zhang 等 35 位作者

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) can improve task performance during learning, yet these gains do not necessarily reflect learners' ability to thereafter apply the knowledge and skills independently. We present AI Cosmos, an agentic infrastructure for situated learning that organizes learning around two complementary principles: scenario-based participation and cumulative assets of practice. AI Cosmos organizes learners and role-specialized agents within learning scenarios that integrate task-relevant knowledge and, when needed, executable workbenches. An asset-memory loop preserves the processes and outcomes of practice as reusable assets with explicit provenance and dependencies. We evaluate scenario-based interaction through two preregistered randomized controlled studies examining the acquisition of legal reasoning and programming competence, holding the same underlying LLM across conditions. AI Cosmos achieves greater learning gains than a conventional LLM in legal reasoning and higher mastery of unseen programming problems than an LLM-as-Teacher baseline.

cs.CL

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.27431

Tackling Multimodal Learning Challenges with Mixture-of-Expert: A Survey

Liangwei Nathan Zheng, Wenhao Liang, Wei Emma Zhang, Lin Yue, Weitong Chen

原文摘要

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) presents a naturally compatible and scalable framework for multimodal learning, demonstrating strong adaptability across diverse modalities and tasks. Despite its growing success, a comprehensive and systematic review on the MoE metho addressing multimodal challenges remains lacking. Existing surveys tend to evaluate either multimodal learning or MoE independently from method taxonomy, overlooking the unique interplay between them. This survey fills that gap by answering a central question: \textit{How does MoE effectively resolve multimodal challenges?} We approach this from three key perspectives: (1) \textbf{MoE as an Efficient Multimodal Engine:} enabling scalable multimodal modeling by decoupling computational cost from parameter growth and mitigating modality redundancy through selective expert activation; (2) \textbf{MoE as a Multimodal Representation Learner:} integrating complementary multi-opinion expert knowledge to enrich alignment and interaction representations; and (3) \textbf{MoE as a Multimodal Adapter:} providing a modular and flexible mechanism to model imperfect data scenarios such as modality imbalance and missing modality. Through our extensive literature review, we identify critical research gaps, including interpretable routing, expert communication, modality integration, and lifelong multimodal learning. We position this survey as a foundation for future research toward interpretable and sustainable multimodal Mixture-of-Experts system.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.05891

Spatial Supervision Without Attribution Optimization: Improving Post-Hoc Class Activation Maps via Box-Guided Evidence Routing

Wenhao Liang, Liangwei Nathan Zheng, Lin Yue, Wei Emma Zhang, Mingyu Guo, Weitong Chen

原文摘要

Post-hoc class activation maps (CAMs) are a standard tool for inspecting the evidence behind an image classifier's predictions, yet nothing in ordinary training encourages these maps to be spatially appropriate. We study whether inexpensive spatial supervision can improve a classifier's own predicted-class Grad-CAM without ever optimizing an attribution map. Box-Guided Evidence Routing (BGER) trains a lightweight gate on the final feature map under box or mask supervision and routes classification through the gated features, while Grad-CAM is computed separately at the pre-gate representation, so the evaluated map never enters the training objective. With a BCE routing loss, BGER raises MaxBoxAccV2 from $0.584$ to $0.715$ on CUB-200-2011 and from $0.757$ to $0.832$ on Stanford Dogs at comparable accuracy. Matched controls attribute most of the ResNet-50 gain to the spatial supervision reshaping the backbone rather than to routing itself: when classification bypasses the gate, most of the improvement remains, and detaching gradients through the gate leaves the ResNet-50 result nearly unchanged. The same detachment preserves most of the gain in two DenseNet-121 chest X-ray settings but removes the apparent gain on Swin-T, and directly supervising the CAM reaches stronger localization at a larger accuracy cost. Overall, spatial supervision can improve separately evaluated post-hoc CAMs, but both the mechanism and the size of the benefit depend on the architecture and the evaluation setting.

cs.CV

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2609.00184

Parallel Universes for Temporal Evaluation and Knowledge Updating in LLMs

Jonathan Zheng, Zirui Shao, Alan Ritter, Wei Xu

原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) rely on static pretraining corpora, resulting in outdated knowledge over time. Existing approaches for evaluating knowledge edits either suffer from rapid contamination or rely on counterfactual edits that conflict with rigid existing knowledge. In this work, we propose a simulation-driven approach for evaluating and training LLMs on knowledge insertions. We introduce PARALLELEVENTS, a benchmark that simulates coherent trajectories of fictional yet realistic future events, enabling controlled evaluation without data contamination or conflicts with existing knowledge. We further propose SYNAPSE, a training framework that leverages model-generated data to integrate new knowledge into model parameters via instruction tuning. This synthetic pipeline enables scalable knowledge integration without costly human-curated data. SYNAPSE improves QA accuracy by 14.23 points over prior methods, indicating that simulation-based synthetic training yields robust, coherent knowledge insertion.

cs.CL · cs.LG

首次观测 · 记录 #1ACL Anthology · ACL 2026:acl:2026.acl-long.2207ACL Anthology · ACL 2026

NaturalGAIA: A Verifiable Benchmark and Hierarchical Framework for Long-Horizon GUI Tasks

Zihan Zheng South China Normal University, Tianle Cui, Taoran Wang South China Normal University, Fengtao Wang South China Normal University, Jiahui Pan South China Normal University, Lewei He, Qianglong Chen

原文摘要

Despite significant advances in LLM-driven GUI agents, the field remains constrained by the challenge of reconciling high-fidelity realism with verifiable evaluation accuracy. To address this, we introduce NaturalGAIA, a verifiable evaluation dataset grounded in real-world human GUI interaction intents. By decoupling logical causal pathways from linguistic narratives, it rigorously simulates natural human intent, characterized by cognitive non-linearity and contextual dependencies. Furthermore, we propose LightManus-Jarvis, a hierarchical collaborative framework where LightManus manages dynamic topological planning and context evolution, while Jarvis ensures execution precision via hybrid visual-structural perception. Experiments demonstrate that our approach achieves a Weighted Pathway Success Rate of 45.6%, significantly outperforming the state-of-the-art baseline (21.1%), while reducing token consumption by 75% and execution time by 76%. These results validate the efficacy of the macro-planning and micro-execution paradigm in handling complex naturalized tasks. Our code is publicly available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/NatureGAIA-721F/.

cs.CL

Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表