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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.08478

Scientist World:为 AI 科学家构建可运行的研究世界

Scientist World: Grow a Research World for AI-Scientists

Taiming Lu, Sachin Konan, Zhuang Liu

AI 速读 基于摘要

作者提出将每篇论文转化为可执行环境,构建供 AI-Scientist 研究与训练的世界,并报告首批 1000 个已验证环境及初步评测与训练结果。

cs.AI · cs.CL · cs.LG

查看原文摘要

AI-Scientists arrived, but a world for them to grow in did not. Human scientists take theirs for granted $-$ centuries of open problems and shared ideas, waiting in the scientific literature. To AI-Scientists, that world is readable but not runnable, so we build Scientist World for them: every research paper becomes an executable environment. Our autonomous pipeline extracts each paper's open-ended research question and reproduces its proposed method as the baseline; an AI-Scientist entering the environment is evaluated against what the human authors achieved. We release the first 1,000 verified environments. With the world as an evaluation, we found that frontier AI-Scientists can already surpass the human researchers 74% of the time. As a record of how AI does science, it contains 6,400 hours of research traces, with every idea, experiment, failure, and success. As a training ground, we are able to raise (+158%) a small model to match frontier models in research ideation. At last, AI-Scientists' own world has arrived, grown from and growing with science itself.

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.31835

SAGE:临时交通管制下施工区通行路径预测的视觉-语言与几何混合框架

SAGE: A hybrid vision-language and geometry framework for work-zone pathway prediction under temporary traffic control

Jiaxi Liu, Keshu Wu, Weizhe Tang, Bofeng Cao, Sikai Chen, Xiaopeng Li, Steven T. Parker, Bin Ran

AI 速读 基于摘要

SAGE 将视觉语言模型(VLM)的轨迹作为对几何候选路径的偏好,在共享候选空间中分离路径构建、路径偏好与控制合规,以预测施工区临时交通管制下的通行路径。

cs.CV · cs.RO

查看原文摘要

Temporary traffic control redirects vehicles through work zones, requiring automated vehicles to connect an interpretation of the visible devices to a continuous passing path. Geometric predictors provide several plausible paths, yet selecting the one consistent with the temporary control remains difficult. We propose SAGE (Semantic-to-Action Grounded Execution), a read-decide-execute-check framework that separates path construction, path preference, and control compliance within a shared candidate space. The central idea is to use a vision-language model's (VLM's) trajectory as a preference over intact geometric candidates. A role-decoupled generator constructs the candidates, and rank fusion combines each candidate's geometric score with its agreement with the VLM trajectory. Supervision structured around the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) trains SAGE-VLM to state the lane status and hazard side before its passage decision and trajectory. The predicted hazard side enters image-space predicates derived from MUTCD provisions, which support a final intervention bounded in score and displacement. On 2,306 real-world ROADWork validation episodes, the candidates include a path within 10 px of the human demonstration in 87% of episodes, yet selection regret accounts for 53% of the geometric ranker's error. SAGE reduces average and final displacement errors by 8.3% and 12.0% relative to the ranker and hard-constraint violations by 37%. The trajectory opinion improves all four tested generator-selector combinations. SAGE is comparable to state-of-the-art VLM modules in accuracy, with a faster-responding VLM, and outperforms four other adapted driving VLMs in displacement error and safety measures. Project page: https://hhjj233.github.io/SAGE-page/.

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2505.15715

超越共情:融合诊断与治疗推理的大语言模型心理健康咨询

Beyond Empathy: Integrating Diagnostic and Therapeutic Reasoning with Large Language Models for Mental Health Counseling

He Hu, Juzheng Si, Qianning Wang, Fei Ma, Fuji Ren, Sicheng Zhao, Yucheng Zhou, Laizhong Cui

AI 速读 基于摘要

作者提出 PsyLLM,通过自动化数据合成将真实心理困扰帖子转化为融合 DSM/ICD 诊断标准与多种治疗框架的多轮咨询对话及推理轨迹,并构建四维评测基准。

cs.CL

查看原文摘要

Large language models (LLMs) hold significant potential for psychological support, capable of generating empathetic responses and simulating therapeutic conversations. However, existing LLM-based approaches often lack sufficient grounding in structured diagnostic reasoning and diverse therapeutic strategies, limiting their effectiveness in complex counseling scenarios. To address these limitations, we propose PsyLLM, the first large language model designed to incorporate diagnostic- and therapeutic-oriented reasoning for mental health counseling. To develop PsyLLM, we design a novel automated data synthesis pipeline that processes real-world mental health posts collected from Reddit, where users frequently express psychological distress and seek community support. The pipeline transforms these posts into multi-turn counseling dialogues and leverages LLMs guided by international diagnostic standards (e.g., DSM/ICD) and multiple therapeutic frameworks (e.g., CBT, ACT, psychodynamic) to generate structured, clinically informed reasoning traces. A rigorous multi-dimensional filtering mechanism further improves the quality and clinical fidelity of the synthesized dialogue data. In addition, we introduce a new benchmark and evaluation protocol, assessing counseling performance across four key dimensions. Our experiments, along with evaluations by professional counseling experts, demonstrate that PsyLLM consistently outperforms various baseline models on this benchmark. Code, data, and models are available at https://github.com/Emo-gml/PsyLLM.

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.08039

HITCH: Teaching a Vision-Language Model to Operate a Humanoid through a Whole-Body Harness

Qingzhou Lu, Chenxin Liu, Xinming Wang, Liu Cao, Yanjiang Guo, Mengdi Xu, Jianyu Chen

原文摘要

Enabling vision-language models (VLMs) to control humanoid robots requires both reliable whole-body interfaces and knowledge of how to use the body that carries over across tasks. We present HITCH (Harness Interfaces To Command Humanoids), a harness in which perception returns the 3D position of any point the VLM selects in its image, and execution turns commands for the pelvis, torso, hands, walking, and gaze into whole-body motion with a learned tracker. We find that both measuring the scene and executing commands accurately raise task success. We then fine-tune a VLM on trajectories in which teacher policies solve five base tasks through HITCH, so that it learns how to operate the humanoid. Without task-specific trajectories, the fine-tuned model completes 51% of SIMPLE episodes and 42.5% of HumanoidArena episodes, and adding five trajectories per SIMPLE task raises its SIMPLE success to 95%. On a real G1, it carries a box and walks to a goal without real training data.

cs.RO

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.05730

The Male Abstraction Bias in Internet Culture and Large Language Models

Douglas Guilbeault, Bhargav Srinivasa Desikan

原文摘要

Conceptual abstraction and gender are two equally central aspects of the human mind, yet they have traditionally been studied in isolation from one another, as though they were fundamentally separate. Here, we find gender and abstraction are systematically linked throughout the space of concepts spanning single (N = 40,000) and multi-word expressions (N = 67,000): across billions of words and millions of images on the internet --- and across numerous measurement techniques, including human and AI classifications --- more abstract concepts are more associated with men, a pattern we show replicates in languages around the world. This male abstraction bias not only holds across semantic domains, but it also maps onto grammatical structure: verbs and adverbs are more abstract and more male-coded, revealing a system-wide trace of stereotypes accentuating agentic qualities in men. Furthermore, we show this bias readily emerges in the free associations humans and AIs produce in controlled online tasks, indicating its psychological internalization and its algorithmic reproduction. These findings identify a latent structure in conceptual space that unifies a range of stereotypes: for example, framings of women as more embodied, emotional, and warm, versus men as more cognitive, rational, and competent; as well as erroneous views of men as better at mathematics, science, and engineering. More broadly, by analyzing an unprecedentedly large, multimodal sample of online data, we provide culture-wide evidence of gender as a core organizing principle shaping conceptual space far beyond the characterization of people and social roles.

cs.CY · cs.CL · cs.HC

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07808

A Sequential Framework for Urban Drone Delivery: Network Design, Vehicle Sizing, and Energy and Cost Assessment

Hong-Su Nam, Seokhwan Lee, Jungwoo Cho, Hak-Tae Lee

原文摘要

A sequential engineering framework is presented for urban drone delivery, linking hub location, route planning, mission-specific vehicle sizing, and energy and operating cost assessment. Aggregate origin-destination demand is assumed known a priori. For each hub configuration, the maximum required link distance is minimized, and feasible routes that return to their departure hubs are generated. Route frequencies are determined using mixed-integer linear programming to satisfy delivery demand. The resulting range requirement guides motor-propeller selection and battery sizing to minimize vehicle takeoff mass. Flight distances and frequencies, cruise performance, and vehicle dimensions are combined to estimate monthly energy consumption, fleet size, hub area, staffing, and operating cost. The framework is applied to district-level Seoul delivery data. Increasing the number of hubs from one to four reduces the required range from 30.6 to 21.9 km and vehicle takeoff mass from 8.12 to 6.12 kg. Despite a 21.5% increase in total flight distance, monthly flight energy consumption decreases by 13.1%, from 15.2 to 13.2 MWh. Battery replacement is the largest vehicle-related operating expense, while operating cost per delivery increases from USD 1.18 to USD 2.20 because of higher rent and labor costs at the hubs. Among the designs evaluated, range-matched vehicles achieve the lowest operating cost in the two- and four-hub networks; a longer-range vehicle is least costly in the three-hub network. Sensitivity analyses further examine the effects of delivery demand and operating assumptions. The results demonstrate that reductions in vehicle mass and energy consumption do not necessarily lead to lower system operating cost.

cs.RO · physics.soc-ph

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2611.05163

Synthesizing Dexterous Robot Demonstrations from Human Videos via Virtual Try-On

Seungyong Lee, Suhyeok Jang, Minyoung Kim, Jinwoo Shin

原文摘要

Robot foundation models have shown remarkable performance in robot control, yet adapting them to a new task still relies heavily on teleoperated demonstrations. Egocentric human videos offer a scalable substitute, but overlaying rendered robots on human videos or retargeting human poses into robot actions leaves significant visual or action gaps for high-DoF robot embodiments. To address this limitation, we propose RoboTryOn, which treats human-to-robot translation as virtual try-on: try-on keeps the person and swaps the garment, RoboTryOn keeps the demonstrated motion and swaps the human for the robot. Specifically, RoboTryOn converts a human video into a video of the target robot specified by a reference image, while preserving the original task, objects, and background. To maintain visual consistency, we translate selected keyframes autoregressively and use them to guide video synthesis with motion conditioned on the human hand skeleton. Additionally, we use an inverse dynamics model (IDM) that incorporates depth features to infer action labels from synthesized videos for policy learning. Our experiments across multiple humanoid embodiments show that policies trained with our synthetic data improve the average success rate on novel tasks, including challenging bimanual manipulation, from 2% to 60%, without any real robot demonstration of those tasks. Moreover, training with our synthetic data matches the performance of policies trained solely on teleoperated demonstrations at approximately a third of the collection cost, demonstrating the cost efficiency of our approach.

cs.RO · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.00247

Taurus: LLM-in-the-Loop CT Annotation Matches Coding Agents at Half the Cost

Bing Hu, Rishabh Sharma

原文摘要

Dense labels of the aorta in CT are slow to draw, and the public aortic CT datasets that could stand in for them each label different structures under their own conventions. Large language model (LLM) agents can now write code and read images. We asked whether such a model labels these scans better as a free-form agent that writes its own segmentation code, or inside a harness, where an automated pass labels the scan and the model reviews the result. We built a harness, Taurus, and compared it with free-form agents by blind label recovery: we withheld the human labels of six public datasets (939 volumes) and scored every approach against each dataset's own classes. In the first version of Taurus, the model's review raised the primary metric on only two of six datasets, by less than the noise between two reviews of the same case. A free-form agent running Claude Opus 5.5 scored higher on most datasets. Moving what the free-form agents did well into the automated pass then carried most of the gain on 38 held-out cases. The final version smooths the label surfaces with a fixed rule and checks for the large errors the automated pass tends to make, such as an aneurysm drawn to half its size. Each check that fires puts a multiple-choice question to the model, with candidate corrections drawn on the scan. It matched the surface smoothness of the human references, and in the primary metric we found no difference from the free-form Opus agent, at under half its cost, $1.22 against $2.71 per case. Most of what made Taurus competitive came from the harness and its automation rather than from the language model itself. Taurus shows that this kind of annotation can be automated, so that expert time can move from drawing labels to checking them.

cs.AI · cs.CV

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07268

CRISP: Constraint-Resolved Interactions between Subsystems for Predictive Whole-Body Cooperation

Dario Valenzuela, Jeeseop Kim

原文摘要

This paper presents a layered control framework that recasts high-dimensional system dynamics as a composition of dynamically interconnected subsystems, with dynamic dual-arm manipulation on the humanoid serving as a representative application. The humanoid is decomposed into a single rigid body (SRB) representing the torso and floating-base dynamic models representing the articulated arms and lower-body. The rigid connections between arm and torso and the closed kinematic chain formed between the end-effectors during cooperative manipulation are represented as holonomic constraints. The corresponding Lagrange multipliers parametrize the interaction wrenches transmitted at the shoulders and between the end-effectors. The high-level nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) jointly optimizes the subsystem state trajectories, arm torques, ground reaction forces (GRFs), and interaction wrenches, enabling online wrench design and optimization while preserving the dynamic coupling among the independently modeled subsystems. The optimized arm torques are applied directly for cooperative dual-arm manipulation, whereas the prescribed GRFs are mapped to lower-body joint torque for whole-body coordination. We validate the proposed framework through numerical simulations and hardware experiments on a G1 humanoid robot. The results demonstrate optimal interaction wrenches consistent with simulated contact measurement, cooperative dual-arm trajectory tracking, and stable whole-body coordination while executing the NMPC in online manner.

cs.RO

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07247

Goal Revelation as a Bridge Between Information-Theoretic Empowerment and Capability-Based Human Power

Jaime Ruiz-Serra, Tomáš Gavenčiak, Jobst Heitzig

原文摘要

Power matters for AI safety. Optimal agents tend to acquire power across a wide range of objectives (instrumental convergence). As we embed AI agents into socio-technical systems, humans risk gradual disempowerment. Both concerns call for a formal, quantitative measure of power. Two such measures in the context of Markov games are information-theoretic empowerment, the capacity of the channel from an agent's actions to future states, and capability-based individual power, a measure of goal attainment built from the probabilities that a human would attain each goal in a family of candidates were they pursuing it. We show where the two meet. From individual power, Fano's inequality yields a floor $B(s)$. This floor is a lower bound on what we term goal revelation, the mutual information $\mathbb{I}(G;ξ\mid s)$ between the human's latent goal and the realised trajectory. Empowerment caps revelation from above, so that $B(s) \le \mathbb{I}(G;ξ\mid s) \le \mathbb{I}(\mathbf{A}_h \to ξ\mid s) \le \mathfrak{E}_h(s)$. Each quantity can be large while the one below it stays at zero, highlighting the following failure modes. An assistant maximising empowerment can prefer an interface offering broad influence over goal-irrelevant degrees of freedom to one that lets the human attain every goal they might hold. An assistant maximising revelation cannot tell a working interface from one rewired so that every goal yields the wrong outcome, since relabelling goals leaves mutual information unchanged while zeroing every attainment probability. Positive guarantees therefore come only from the attainment end of the chain. A satisfaction floor, computable from two statistics of interaction logs, offers a way to monitor the power users retain in a deployed system, and simulations in random environments show the three quantities are correlated but far from interchangeable.

cs.AI · cs.IT · cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.07235

Adaptive Hybrid Force-Vision Control with EMG-Derived References for Deformable Bottle Manipulation

Jeffrey Lee, Geoffrey Hanks, Evangeline Bouganim, Yue Hu

原文摘要

Robotic automation of laboratory tasks has become a growing interest to remove researchers from hazardous environments and repetitive procedures. However, even equipment as simple as squeeze bottles poses a challenging manipulation problem due to its deformability. This paper presents an adaptive hybrid vision-force controller for robotic grippers to effectively manipulate laboratory squeeze bottles to dispense liquid. This approach integrates force and vision feedback according to the interaction state, enabling effective squeezing while accounting for bottle deformation and recovery. The proposed controller is validated by comparing its performance with a pure force controller on 12 combinations of conditions consisting of 2 target dispense volumes, 2 plastic squeeze bottles, and 1 to 3 squeezes used to dispense. Human demonstrations of these operating conditions were collected using electromyography (EMG) sensing mapped to a desired grip force, which was then used as the force reference for the controllers to squeeze the bottles. Results demonstrated that the proposed adaptive hybrid vision-force controller achieved more accurate liquid dispensing with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.54 mL compared to a MAE of 15.92 mL from the pure force controller, while also replicating the human action recorded from the EMG signal more closely.

cs.RO

版本更新 · v4arXiv:2508.19008

Computational Phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comparative Evaluation of LLM-Simulated Expert Personas and Human Clinical Experts

Marcin Moskalewicz, Anna Sterna, Karolina Drożdż, Kacper Dudzic, Marek Pokropski, Paula Flores

原文摘要

Building on a human-led thematic analysis of clinical life-story interviews (> 150,000 words) with inpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder, this study examines the capacity of large language models (OpenAI's GPT, Google's Gemini, and Anthropic's Claude) to support qualitative clinical analysis. The models' interpretative potential was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach. Study A involved blinded and non-blinded judges in phenomenology and clinical psychology. The experts assessed the validity of AI-generated content using semantic congruence, Jaccard coefficients, and multidimensional validity ratings, including credibility, coherence, the substantiveness of results, and grounding in qualitative data. In Study B, neural methods were used to embed human- and model-generated theme descriptions in a multidimensional vector space. This approach provided an objectified computational measure of the difference between human and model semantics and linguistic style. In Study C, complementary non-expert evaluations were conducted (N=115) to examine the influence of thematic verbosity on the perception of human authorship and content validity. Overall, the results of AI analysis showed a highly variable overlap (0-58%) with the human interpretation, while all models identified themes originally omitted by human researchers, proving their capacity to mitigate human bias. At the thematic level, external evaluators were unable to reliably distinguish human-authored themes from those generated by AI. In terms of content validity assessed against raw data by high-level experts in the blinded mode, the performance of Gemini 2.5 Pro was indistinguishable from that of humans. The comparison of semantic vector embeddings showed that its style was also the closest to humans.

cs.AI · cs.CL

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2601.20476

In-Context Learning for Diagram Code Generation: What is the Effect on Faithfulness and Quality?

Evanfiya Logacheva, Arto Hellas, Tsvetomila Mihaylova, Juha Sorva, Ava Heinonen, Juho Leinonen

原文摘要

We investigate how provision of in-context examples based on discourse similarity affects quality and hallucination in diagram code generation from educational materials. Using a sample of texts as sources for diagram generation, we test two methods using a conventional text-to-diagram task format, instruction-based zero-shot generation and ICL with text-to-diagram examples, and an unconventional ICL method with a discourse analysis-to-diagram example, which requires a model to generate a diagram from a discourse analysis. We evaluate AI-generated diagrams for faithfulness to provided context and their quality outcomes using both human and automated evaluation. Bayesian data analysis of the human diagram evaluation shows that there is significant evidence that the unconventional task format improves context faithfulness in diagram generation compared to the zero-shot instruction with reducing the odds of context faithfulness hallucination by nearly $70\%$; however, we do not find the ICL having a significant effect on the diagram aesthetic presentation and superficial coherence. Evaluation with the LLM-as-a-judge G-Eval metric shows nearly 4.5-fold increased odds of the perfect faithfulness outcome for the novel ICL task. Our study provides a novel insight into ICL format effect on superficial fluency and faithfulness in context-grounded structured diagram code generation.

cs.CL

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06228

Separation Is a Riesz Energy: How Many Environments Does ICA Need?

Yuda Bi, Yubo Guo, Jiaxiao Cai, Xiaonai Li, Zhuolin Li, Vince D. Calhoun

原文摘要

Can independent components be recovered when all of them are Gaussian? Yes, if their variances change across environments; but how many environments, and how many samples as the number of components $d$ grows? We answer both for the joint diagonalization of $K$ covariances. Each component has a signature, its variances across the environments. Separating component $j$ costs the Riesz 2-energy $E_j$ of this signature, a sum, over the other components, of inverse pairwise Fisher informations. For Gaussian sources no estimator in $O(d)$ beats $cE_j/(n+E_j)$ at any $n$ and $d$, and above an explicit sample size a spectral estimator attains $E_j/n$ up to a constant, for every mixing and without the signatures (given a lower bound on the pairwise information). Since signatures live in $K-1$ dimensions, the rate obeys a dimension law: $d^2/n$, $d\log d/n$ and $d/n$ for $K=2$, $3$ and $K\ge4$ well-spread environments. What counts is the dimension the signatures span, not their number, and $\log d$ well-designed environments make $d\log d$ samples suffice. Projecting the covariances onto one linear combination pays $d^2/n$ at first order instead. In simulations up to $d=1000$ the predictions hold and joint diagonalization with $K\ge4$ attains the rate once $n/d$ is in the hundreds; on task fMRI the energy says which components are hard to separate.

cs.LG · cs.IT · stat.ML

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.06068

Fluidic Body: Swarm Robots as a Fluid Extension of the Hand

Michikuni Eguchi, Shigeo Yoshida, Mai Nishimura, Takefumi Hiraki

原文摘要

Swarm robots have attracted growing interest as a physical interface for human--computer interaction, since a swarm can reshape its formation to fit the objects and surroundings it works with. For a human operator, however, adapting the swarm's behavior remains difficult. Most existing methods require the user to specify where the swarm should go, and they offer no intuitive way to change the collective's behavior as each task demands. We present Fluidic Body, a system that lets a person operate a swarm of fluid-imitating robots as an extension of the hand. The system places a virtual fluid between the hand and the swarm, and the user adapts the swarm's behavior to each task by changing the fluid's properties through simple hand movements. When the user opens the hand, the swarm becomes soft enough to deform and flow around obstacles. Closing the hand turns it into a hard, cohesive body that can push objects. We evaluated the controller's performance and its operability in two simulation experiments and one demonstration with physical robots. First, our controller handled both obstacle avoidance and object transportation better than an existing method that behaves the same way in every task. Second, in a VR user study, 17 participants completed the combined avoidance-and-transportation task faster and more reliably than with that method. They also reported a lower workload and a stronger sense of agency. Finally, this experience carried over to physical robots in a real-world demonstration (88 participants). These results suggest that treating a swarm as a fluid, a material people already understand, allows a robot swarm to work as a deformable extension of the human body.

cs.HC · cs.RO

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05979

Learning Object-Centric Motion Priors from Human for Robotic Dexterous Manipulation

Zhengdong Hong, Guofeng Zhang

原文摘要

Manipulating diverse objects with multi-fingered dexterous hands is challenging due to the high dimensionality and complex dynamics. Human-Object Interaction (HOI) datasets provide rich knowledge about task information and embodied interactions. Instead of solely imitating the human demonstrations, our method learns to holistically predict future hand-object states by leveraging these datasets. The predicted future states of the object can serve as a general-purpose reward term for reinforcement learning, reducing reliance on task-specific reward engineering and enhancing generalization across tasks. We conduct extensive experiments on three manipulation tasks in simulation and the real world. Our approach outperforms existing SOTA methods in both success rate and generalizability on novel objects. Furthermore, we validate the cross-embodiment compatibility of our methods by successfully deploying the skills on different robot hands.

cs.RO

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05954

Robots in the City: Persona-Based Perceptions of Urban Robots

Keonhee Jang, Kanghoon Lee, Seokwoo Yun, Namwoo Kim, Yoonjin Yoon

原文摘要

Pedestrians increasingly encounter robots in urban public spaces without interacting with them, but how robots change the perceived safety of a street remains unclear. We examine how robot presence and type affect perceived safety across urban contexts. We generate 18 images of Seoul streets that vary in time of day, road class, and robot condition (no robot, a delivery robot, or a humanoid). Two multimodal large language models (MLLMs), Qwen3.8-27B and Gemma4-26B, each conditioned on 500 synthetic personas, choose the safer image in each pair, and 25 human respondents complete the same task. Both models prefer streets without robots and favor the delivery robot over the humanoid. Robots are chosen more often at night and less often by older personas, whereas road class has smaller effects. In the model rationales, the delivery robot appears as a physical obstacle, whereas the humanoid appears as either a threat or a source of protection. Like humans, both models chose robots more often at night, but chose the humanoid over the delivery robot far less often, and Gemma showed a night effect for the humanoid about three times that of humans. These results show that the effect of a robot on perceived safety depends on when it appears, and that persona-conditioned MLLMs capture only part of human judgments.

cs.HC · cs.CL · cs.RO

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05870

AI-Assisted Classification under Correlation Neglect and Trust

Dingwen Kong, Liang Lyu, Saurabh Amin, Amine Bennouna, Daniel Huttenlocher, Asuman Ozdaglar

原文摘要

When does an AI assistant improve human decision-making, and when does it hurt? We argue that the answer depends not just on AI accuracy but also on how much its evidence overlaps with the human's and how the human combines the two. A worker makes a binary decision by observing her own signal and receiving a recommendation from an AI. We develop a human behavioral model with two primitives: her awareness of the overlap and her trust in the AI. Our analysis gives a closed-form phase diagram over AI capability and overlap, with regions of complementarity, impairment, and automation. A worker who neglects the overlap (correlation neglect) can be made less accurate by a more capable AI, double-counting the shared evidence. Trust reshapes the regions - undertrust may compensate for correlation neglect, so that the trust level maximizing accuracy depends on the deployment parameters. Empirically, we identify the two model parameters by pairing the same workers with different AIs, and break the accuracy loss into a correlation-neglect cost and an undertrust cost, one tied to reducing overlap on the AI side, the other to calibrating trust on the human side. On ChatBench, AI assistance raises accuracy by 21 points, yet workers apply only about a quarter of the Bayes-rational weight to AI information; GPT-4o falls in the automation region and Llama-3.1-8b stays at the complementarity boundary; and calibrating trust recovers about 2.6 points for GPT-4o but almost nothing for Llama-3.1-8b.

cs.GT · cs.AI · cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05869

On Convergence of Gradient Temporal-Difference Learning with Regularized Corrections and Eligibility Traces

Jingyi Jin, Martha White, Hao Wang

原文摘要

Temporal-difference (TD) learning underlies many prediction and control algorithms, but can diverge when combined with off-policy learning, bootstrapping, and function approximation. TD with Regularized Corrections (TDRC) is theoretically sound and practically simple, but existing convergence theory covers only the one-step case under i.i.d. sampling, while the Huber Bellman-error formulation has not been extended to TDRC or eligibility traces. In this work, we establish convergence of constrained TDRC($λ$) with diminishing stepsizes and non-i.i.d. off-policy data, for state-dependent and history-dependent $λ$-parameters. We also propose TDRC($λ$)-Huber, which preserves the TDRC($λ$) fixed point while reducing sensitivity to large Bellman errors. For both algorithms, we apply an ODE-based weak-convergence method from stochastic approximation theory. For the nonlinear mean dynamics of TDRC($λ$)-Huber, we give an integral small-gain condition that guarantees uniqueness and global asymptotic stability of the target equilibrium. We then establish convergence of the constrained algorithm, derive computable sufficient conditions for convergence, and identify a regularization-based convergence mechanism shared by linear TDRC($λ$) and TDRC($λ$)-Huber. When the mean TD matrix is positive stable, both constrained algorithms converge under sufficiently strong regularization without requiring positive definiteness.

cs.LG · math.OC

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05806

When File Ingestion Misleads Language Models: Measuring and Mitigating Divergences in Office Documents

Penghui Li

原文摘要

Office documents are now routinely uploaded to large language models (LLMs) for processing. However, an LLM does not always see what a human sees, because it typically reads the text that an extractor produces from the document's underlying Office Open XML (OOXML) files. Depending on the implementation, extractors differ in which OOXML parts they read and how they interpret them, so their output can differ from what Office applications display. For example, by slightly shifting the positions of text boxes on a slide, an adversary can swap the order in which the model reads them while the slide looks unchanged. We show that this extraction divergence is an attack surface for LLM applications. In this work, we first measure what an adversary can exploit by analyzing the widely used extractors that LLM applications rely on. By combining static source code analysis with dynamic analysis, we identify 19 OOXML channels where extractors read content a human cannot see and 12 where they drop content a human can. We also find that widely used extractors ignore display formatting and reading order, so even visible content reaches the model in a different form. Building on these findings, we construct five attacks that lead the model to interpret a document differently from a human reviewer, without injecting any instruction. We test the attacks on four major chat assistants (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, and Microsoft 365 Copilot) and four coding agents (Codex, Claude Code, Antigravity, and GitHub Copilot CLI), and every one of them is misled by at least one attack. Finally, we propose Prism, a lightweight defense that reconstructs the human view from the OOXML specification before passing the text to the model. Prism also generalizes to unseen attack payloads.

cs.CR · cs.AI

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05556

AGORA: Reliability-Aware Aggregation of LLM Judges via Item-Response Theory

Junhyung Ahn

原文摘要

LLM-as-a-judge is a common substitute for costly human evaluation, and aggregating several judges is the standard remedy for any single judge's bias. Judge pools mix judges of very different reliability, while the human-labeled sets that validate them hold a few hundred items or fewer. In this regime the per-item mean weights weak judges as heavily as strong ones, and confusion-table models such as Dawid-Skene must estimate a per-judge error table from too few items. We propose AGORA (Aggregation Of Reliability-weighted Assessments), an item-response-theory aggregator that places every item on one latent quality scale and describes each judge by a sensitivity parameter and ordered rating thresholds, so judge reliability is learned from all items jointly and without human labels. Across three benchmarks, AGORA matches or exceeds Dawid-Skene on large evaluation sets, and its advantage widens as the set shrinks toward a few hundred items. It remains accurate as pools grow more uneven, a label-free dispersion statistic indicates in advance when trust weighting helps, and its learned trust weights track per-judge human validity.

cs.AI · cs.CL

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05181

What Does the Model See? Representation Validity in Multimodal LLM-Based Video Analysis

Christian Pipal, Eva-Maria Vogel, Morgan Wack

原文摘要

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) allow social scientists to analyze video at scale, but researchers must decide which parts of a video to provide as input. We use the term representation validity to examine how text, audio, video, and combined inputs affect measurement and subsequent analysis. We compare input representations across six open-weight MLLMs and three human-annotated video datasets. No representation consistently performs best. On seven news-related constructs, native-video performance varies little across models (macro-F1 = .70-.77), while extracted-text performance ranges from .52 to .80. Three models perform better with text and three with video. Combining inputs rarely improves performance. Higher classification accuracy also does not reliably produce estimates closer to those based on human codes. The highest-F1 representation best reproduces human-coded regression coefficients in 17 of 42 comparisons. Even when each model uses its highest-F1 deployable representation, 45% of sample-prevalence estimates differ from the human-coded benchmark by more than ten percentage points. Input representation therefore requires validation for both the construct being measured and the quantity estimated from the resulting labels.

cs.CV · cs.CL

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2609.25447

Conduct Under Pressure: What Sixty Language Models Do When a User Pushes

Tapan Parikh

原文摘要

We study what LLMs do when a user applies pressure in an uncomfortable situation: a user insists, begs, flatters or grieves, and the model gives up a correct fact, writes a document it should refuse, or cheers a plan that will cost the user money, a multi-turn form of sycophancy. We send frozen multi-turn scenes to 60 models from 13 vendors and label each transcript with a trajectory (the model held its position or folded) and a manner (how it held or folded). Three scenes were used to build the codebook; six more were written afterwards and preregistered as a replication. Whether a model holds tracks its generation: fold rate correlates with a public capability index at Spearman -0.64 to -0.69 across the two scene sets, so newer models fold less, unlike earlier reports that sycophancy grows with model scale. How a model holds tracks the vendor: six of the 17 manner codes sort by vendor at permutation p <= 0.001, corrected across the codebook, and four do so again on the replication scenes. Anthropic's models name the feeling, warn and offer an alternative; OpenAI's do less of all three and almost never cite their own rules; Google's cite themselves and their AI nature when asked to do something; Meta's write the artifact they shouldn't. Six LLM coders from three vendors labeled every transcript, and three human coders labeled fifty held-out transcripts. The machines were the more consistent readers (Krippendorff's alpha 0.66 against 0.46), agreed with the author on trajectory at kappa 0.84 to 0.91, and matched the adjudicated reference at 0.83. For behavior a non-specialist can judge, the human contribution is authoring and bounding the codes and owning a small reference, not producing labels at volume.

cs.CL · cs.HC

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.05097

The Platonic Brain: Representational Convergence in EEG Foundation Models

Nicolas Waehner, Enzo Tagliazucchi, Jacobo Sitt, Demian Wassermann, Giovanni Franco Gabriel Marraffini, Trinidad Borrell

原文摘要

The Platonic Representation Hypothesis (PRH) predicts that artificial neural networks converge on shared representations as scale and performance increase. We test whether these predictions hold for representations of the human brain with EEG foundation models. Using EEG recordings from six participants watching a television series, together with aligned visual and language content, we tested whether EEG foundation-model representations converge within and across modalities as their embeddings become better at decoding an informative set of EEG markers. We found that EEG models with greater decodability showed stronger cross-family alignment in both local neighbourhood similarity and global structure, not consistently increasing with model parameter count. Cross-modal convergence was modality and metric dependent: greater EEG decodability was associated with stronger global alignment to language, but not consistently to vision models, while local alignment showed no consistent association. This dissociation may reflect local sensitivity to low-level sensory features, whereas global geometry may capture weaker shared semantic structure.

cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.17864

TStruct: Learning Shared Temporal Structures for Long-Term Time Series Forecasting

Yangze Li, Zhengyang Zhou, Qihe Huang, Pengkun Wang, Binwu Wang, Yang Wang

原文摘要

Long-term time series forecasting requires learning temporal dependencies that remain stable and generalizable under temporal distribution shifts. However, real-world time series are often noisy, non-stationary, and heterogeneous, making deep learning models prone to overfitting incidental temporal interactions in the training data. This raises a question: when observations are difficult to align, could temporal relationships be easier to reuse? To investigate this possibility, we analyze patch-level temporal relationship matrices across commonly used time series datasets, revealing dominant patterns shared across different temporal windows and variables. Comparisons with patch-shuffled and IID Gaussian controls further support the presence of reusable temporal relationship structures. Motivated by these findings, we propose \textbf{T}emporal \textbf{Struct}ure Network (\textbf{TStruct}), a simple yet effective network that learns reusable temporal dependency structures and adaptively combines them for each sample and variable. Specifically, TStruct directly parameterizes a set of shared temporal dependency matrices and generates normalized combination weights using dynamic sample information and static variable priors. These weights represent a soft allocation of each sample-variable pair over shared temporal dependency structures, enabling the model to generate adaptive temporal dependency matrices under shared structural constraints, rather than fitting incidental interactions in a fully unconstrained manner. Notably, TStruct consistently outperforms several strong baselines across all evaluated datasets, achieving superior accuracy while maintaining high computational efficiency. Our code is available at https://github.com/yangzeli/TStruct.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2512.04308

ResponsibleRobotBench: Benchmarking Risk-Aware Task-Level Decision Making for Robotic Manipulation with Large Multimodal Models

Lei Zhang, Ju Dong, Kaixin Bai, Minheng Ni, Yu Fu, Zoltan-Csaba Marton, Zhaopeng Chen, Jianwei Zhang

原文摘要

Safe task-level manipulation requires a planner to recognize hazards, select appropriate mitigation actions, and satisfy their execution prerequisites without abandoning the original goal. We introduce ResponsibleRobotBench, a benchmark of 23 manipulation task configurations with separately specified goals and safety conditions. It connects hazard-category predictions, planned actions, execution feedback, and terminal outcomes at the episode level. Across evaluations of five large multimodal models, terminal safety and safe task completion can diverge: defense prompts increase terminal safety for three tested models but affect safe success in different directions. Correct hazard-category predictions also fail to ensure executable mitigation. In a cutting task under the default configuration, GPT-4o mini identifies the human hazard in all 100 episodes but never requests assistance, and every episode ends unsafe. Offering a help action and actually requesting it lead to different comparisons: outcomes differ between action menus even for a model that never requests help, and repeated requests can leave execution failures unresolved. Imitation-learning evaluations and physical robot sequences illustrate the need to coordinate mitigation with goal actions. Together, these results motivate evaluating mitigation selection, action prerequisites, and recovery alongside hazard recognition and terminal outcomes. The appendix provides task definitions, checker conditions, and prompts. Project website: https://responsible-robot-benchmark.github.io/.

cs.RO

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04968

Who is the Pronoun Pro? Comparing LLMs and Humans at Number-Disambiguation of 'they'

Carlos Hartmann

原文摘要

This study evaluates whether large language models (LLMs) can reliably replace or complement human research assistants in linguistically complex annotation. In a controlled annotation task, 73 human annotators (local students and crowdworkers with and without a background in linguistics) and more than 40 LLM configurations number-disambiguated 174 authentic uses of 'they' from Reddit, including innovative and context-sensitive cases. The best LLM, Kimi K3, reached 94.5% accuracy, above the human majority vote (86.2%) and the mean of the top half of human annotators (78.5%); only the single best human annotator scored higher (95.7%). LLMs also offer substantial practical advantages in cost and speed. However, qualitative error analysis reveals a crucial complementarity: human reasoning in low-agreement cases exposes inconsistencies in the annotation typology and thereby improves the methodological framework itself. The study contributes (i) a benchmark-style human-LLM comparison for a semantically demanding task, (ii) transparent cost and time evidence, and (iii) a methodological argument against a purely replacement-oriented view of automation. LLMs are viable for large-scale annotation support in linguistics, but their responsible use requires human critical oversight. The dataset with its gold-standard labels, all human and LLM annotations, and the fully reproducible code are openly available as a Quarto-based, public repository.

cs.CL · cs.AI · cs.HC

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04957

Safeguarding Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Connected and Automated Vehicles with Recursively Feasible Control Barrier Functions

Jianye Xu, Yousef Sayed, Bassam Alrifaee

原文摘要

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) shows promise in coordinating connected and automated vehicles but offers no safety guarantee. Although Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) can add this guarantee, their optimization problem can become infeasible in practice due to control bounds. Moreover, they often overapproximate vehicle and road geometry, which makes them conservative. This paper proposes the Backup-Horizon CBF (BH-CBF), which evaluates safety along a horizon until all vehicles stop. BH-CBF is recursively feasible under control bounds, and it considers the exact vehicle and road geometry. Based on BH-CBF, we derive a fully decentralized safety filter that only needs a single broadcast of vehicle states and routes per step and stays real-time in dense traffic. We use BH-CBF to safeguard a MARL policy over its life cycle: as a reward during pre-training, as a run-time filter at deployment, and as a filter in the training loop that keeps fine-tuning on unseen maps collision-free. In simulations on real-world maps of a roundabout and an intersection, BH-CBF avoids all collisions of unsafe MARL policies and keeps its safety guarantee at every step. Existing filters either collide, lose the guarantee, or fall back to full braking far more often. In recorded roundabout traffic with 1264 human-driven vehicles over 115 km, our safeguarded policies shorten the median travel time by 14% compared with the human drivers, without any collision.

cs.RO

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04886

Modelling lock-in of AI adoption through skill erosion

Renaud Lambiotte

原文摘要

Generative AI can improve immediate performance but may erode the human skills required for future work. We study a model in which individuals tend to imitate successful peers, while their independent skills grow with practice and erode with reliance on AI. Because each agent's skill reflects their history, non-users and AI users develop different skill distributions, which we derive exactly. Skill erosion can produce bistability and hysteresis between a low-adoption, high-skill state and a high-adoption, low-skill state. When agents rarely change behaviour at random, the two transitions are asymmetric. A single AI user spreads through a population of experts only if AI-assisted work earns more than expert work, whatever the timescale of skill adaptation. A single non-user, by contrast, can lead an AI-dependent population back to independent work only if they regain enough skill before returning to AI, which becomes easier the more persistent behaviours are. As AI improves, adoption can jump abruptly, and a sufficiently long increase in its benefit, such as a period of low prices, can leave a population relying on AI after the benefit has returned to its initial value. Skill erosion thus creates a history-dependent switching cost that can make widespread AI adoption difficult to reverse.

cs.AI · physics.soc-ph

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.04839

Coordinating Humanoid Loco-Manipulation through Action-Conditioned Latent Foresight

Ju Dong, Xinyu Xiao, Yiming Zhou, Tianshuo Yang, Xuerong Liu, Lei Zhang, Jian Chen, Haocheng Zhao 等 15 位作者

原文摘要

Humanoid loco-manipulation requires coordinated body motion and hand interaction over time, and a plausible-looking command sequence can still drop a held object or leave an interaction incomplete. We present action-conditioned latent foresight, a latent world-action model (WAM) that evaluates proposed command sequences before execution. An action generator proposes joint motion-hand command sequences from vision, language, and the robot state. An action-conditioned endpoint predictor estimates the visual features each sequence prefix reaches and measures progress toward a demonstration-derived subgoal, while a joint temporal prior scores temporal consistency given the robot state and preceding commands. The robot executes the first commands of the best-scoring sequence and replans from the next observation. During training, action consistency regularization reconstructs the first demonstrated command from observed and predicted feature changes, encouraging the predictor to retain action-relevant information. On ten tasks in the humanoid loco-manipulation simulation benchmark SIMPLE, our method achieves 89.7% average success, compared with 73.7% for Psi-Zero and 82.0% for DiT4DiT. On seven real-robot tasks, it achieves 85.7% under standard conditions and 65.7% under unseen object configurations, while GR00T N1.7 achieves 70.0% and 48.6%, respectively. Project page: https://ju6276.github.io/Action-Grounded-Foresight/

cs.RO