Teng Pan, Yuchen Yan Zhejiang University, Zixuan Wang Zhejiang University and Baidu, Ruiqing Zhang, Guiyang Hou, Wenqi Zhang Zhejiang University, Weiming Lu Zhejiang University, Jun Xiao Zhejiang University 等 9 位作者
Label-free reinforcement learning enables large language models to improve reasoning capabilities without ground-truth supervision, typically by treating majority-voted answers as pseudo-labels. However, we identify a critical failure mode: as training maximizes self-consistency, output diversity collapses, causing the model to confidently reinforce systematic errors that evade detection. We term this the consensus trap. To escape it, we propose CoVerRL, a framework where a single model alternates between generator and verifier roles, with each capability bootstrapping the other. Majority voting provides noisy but informative supervision for training the verifier, while the improving verifier progressively filters self-consistent errors from pseudo-labels. This co-evolution creates a virtuous cycle that maintains high reward accuracy throughout training. Experiments across Qwen and Llama model families demonstrate that CoVerRL outperforms label-free baselines by 4.7-5.9% on mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Moreover, self-verification accuracy improves from around 55% to over 85%, confirming that both capabilities genuinely co-evolve.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Haoyu Zheng, Yun Zhu Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Yuqian Yuan Qwen Team and Zhejiang University, Bo Yuan, Wenqiao Zhang Zhejiang University, Siliang Tang Zhejiang University, Jun Xiao Zhejiang University
Strategic planning is critical for multi-step reasoning, yet compact Language Language Models (LLMs) often lack the capacity to formulate global strategies, leading to error propagation in long-horizon tasks. Our analysis reveals that LLMs possess latent reasoning capabilities that can be unlocked when conditioned on explicit plans from a teacher model; however, runtime reliance on external guidance is often impractical due to latency and availability constraints. To bridge this gap, we propose PILOT (Planning via Internalized Latent Optimization Trajectories), a non-invasive framework designed to internalize the strategic oversight of large models into intrinsic Latent Guidance. Instead of altering backbone weights, PILOT employs a lightweight Hyper-Network to synthesize a query-conditioned Latent Guidance. This vector acts as an internal steering mechanism, guiding the model’s representations toward optimal reasoning paths. Extensive experiments on mathematical and coding benchmarks demonstrate that PILOT effectively stabilizes reasoning trajectories, consistently outperforming strong baselines (e.g., +8.9% on MATH500) with negligible inference latency. Our code is available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/PILOT-B266
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zhengxi Lu, Jiabo Ye, Fei Tang Nankai University, Yongliang Shen Zhejiang University, Haiyang Xu, Ziwei Zheng Xi'an Jiaotong University, Weiming Lu Zhejiang University, Ming Yan Alibaba Group 等 11 位作者
GUI agents have demonstrated remarkable progress in automating complex user interface interactions. However, training such agents for long-horizon tasks remains challenging. Single-turn reinforcement learning conditions on expert histories during training but self-generated histories during deployment, causing distribution mismatch. Online multi-turn methods eliminate this gap via environment interaction but suffer from sparse rewards and prohibitive costs. We propose \underline{\textbf{E}}xperience-driven \underline{\textbf{M}}ulti-turn \underline{\textbf{P}}olicy \underline{\textbf{O}}ptimization (\textbf{EMPO}), which leverages expert trajectories as environment experiences for on-policy multi-turn training. The agent constructs self-generated history throughout rollouts; when actions match expert experiences, the trajectory provides valid state transitions, and a Patch Module recovers mismatched steps to maintain on-policy rollouts. EMPO further incorporates discounted future rewards and dual-level advantage estimation to capture long-horizon dependencies. We also propose \textbf{AndroidControl-Real}, an evaluation metric strongly correlated with real-world performance (R^2=0.934). With only 1K public trajectories as RL experiences, our method achieves substantial gains over the base model (e.g., +12.0% on AndroidWorld and +23.8% on AITW) and achieves competitive performance against strong baselines such as UI-TARS-7B and GPT-4o, demonstrating better generalization than prior single-turn RL approaches. Code available: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/UI-S1-0DAF.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zhengxi Lu, Fei Tang Nankai University, Guangyi Liu, Jin Ma, Kaitao Song Apple, Xu Tan, Wenqi Zhang Zhejiang University, Weiming Lu Zhejiang University 等 11 位作者
MLLM-based GUI agents have demonstrated strong capabilities in complex user interface interaction tasks. However, long-horizon scenarios remain challenging, as these agents are burdened with tasks beyond their intrinsic capabilities, suffering from memory degradation, progress confusion, and math hallucination. To address these challenges, we present \textbf{UI-Copilot}, a collaborative framework where the GUI agent focuses on task execution while a lightweight copilot provides on-demand assistance for memory retrieval and numerical computation. We introduce memory decoupling to separate persistent observations from transient execution context, and train the policy agent to selectively invoke the copilot as Retriever or Calculator based on task demands. To enable effective tool invocation learning, we propose \underline{\textbf{T}}ool-\underline{\textbf{I}}ntegrated \underline{\textbf{P}}olicy \underline{\textbf{O}}ptimization (\textbf{TIPO}), which separately optimizes tool selection through single-turn prediction and task execution through on-policy multi-turn rollouts. Experimental results show that UI-Copilot-7B achieves state-of-the-art performance on challenging MemGUI-Bench, outperforming strong 7B-scale GUI agents such as GUI-Owl-7B and UI-TARS-1.5-7B. Moreover, UI-Copilot-7B delivers a 17.1% absolute improvement on AndroidWorld over the base Qwen model, highlighting UI-Copilot’s strong generalization to real-world GUI tasks. Code website: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/UI-Copilot-0535.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表