SHAPE: Unifying Safety, Helpfulness and Pedagogy for Educational LLMs
Sihang Zhao, Kangrui Yu, Youliang Yuan The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Pinjia He The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Hongyi Wen New York University, Shanghai
Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely explored in educational scenarios. We identify a critical vulnerability in current educational LLMs, pedagogical jailbreaks, where students use answer-inducing prompts to elicit solutions rather than scaffolded instructions. To enable systematic study, we unify and formalize safe, helpful, and pedagogical behaviors with a knowledge-mastery graph and introduce SHAPE, a benchmark of 9,087 student-question pairs for evaluating tutoring behavior under adversarial pressure. We propose a graph-augmented tutoring pipeline that infers prerequisite concepts from queries, identifies mastery gaps, and routes generation between instructing and problem-solving via explicit gating. Experiments across multiple LLMs show that our method yields significantly improved safety under two pedagogical jailbreak settings, while maintaining near-ceiling helpfulness under the same evaluation protocol. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/MAPS-research/SHaPE
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表