奇特征下永久式的三次下界：对 Pfaffian 表示及多项式元素矩阵的推广
Cubic lower bounds for the permanent in odd characteristic, for Pfaffian representations, and for polynomial entries
Karthik Sheshadri
AI 速览：作者证明了在任意奇特征代数闭域上，永久式的行列式复杂度具有三次下界，并推广到 Pfaffian 表示和多项式元素矩阵。
The determinantal complexity of a polynomial is the order of the smallest matrix whose entries are polynomials of degree at most one and whose determinant equals the polynomial. A lower bound for the permanent in this measure is the algebraic form of the question whether the permanent is harder to compute than the determinant. Over the complex numbers, the best known lower bound grows cubically in the size of the permanent. It holds even when the permanent only has to be a limit of such determinants. I prove that the cubic lower bound holds over every algebraically closed field of odd characteristic $p$, with a constant that depends on $p$. Hence the cubic bound does not depend on characteristic zero. I also prove the bound for Pfaffians, which are square roots of determinants of skew symmetric matrices. Lower bounds for Pfaffians imply the same bounds for determinants. Further, I prove the bound, divided by $a$, for matrices whose entries are polynomials of degree at most $a$. All three results come from one lower bound for smooth hypersurfaces. I prove it in every characteristic by counting intersection points together with their multiplicities.