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原文摘要

Sequential financial transaction data are increasingly being used by financial institutions to train payment foundation models at scale, producing rich contextual embeddings that support applications such as fraud prevention, credit risk assessment, and offer personalization. However, such models are not designed for flexible instruction-following reasoning and require bespoke downstream models for each application. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) provide a natural-language interface for flexible transaction reasoning, yet naively serializing transaction histories into text representations is inefficient and costly. Multimodal fusion architectures bridge these paradigms, injecting transaction embeddings directly into flexible language reasoning pipelines. In this work, we present a systematic study of how transaction embeddings, pretrained at the scale of a global payments network, interact with LLM-based reasoning through embedding injection, transaction-language alignment, and instruction tuning. To do so, we train the Multimodal Instruction Network for Transactions (MINT), which combines a transaction encoder pretrained on billions of real-world payments with multimodal instruction tuning on millions of transaction question-answering examples. We evaluate predictive and extractive question answering, zero-shot generalization to unseen question types, and inference efficiency. Our results reveal a consistent trade-off: compact transaction embeddings improve predictive QA accuracy while substantially reducing input tokens, latency, and memory relative to a text-serialized baseline, whereas serialized histories remain highly competitive for extractive QA. Overall, our empirical findings provide a set of actionable insights and practical guidance for building multimodal transaction-aware language systems at network scale.