Jaedong Hwang, Kathleen Zhang, Wei Dai, Konstantinos Kontras, Maarten Vanmarcke, Maarten De Vos, Ila Fiete, Paul Pu Liang
EEG foundation models can learn generalizable representations from large-scale EEG corpora to enable single-backbone transfer across diverse clinical and brain-computer interface tasks. Existing models typically discretize the continuous multi-channel EEG waveform into patches or codebook tokens and train a transformer with masked self-supervision. Recognizing that this discretization fragments continuous brain rhythms and obscures fine-grained temporal dynamics, we present B[FM]$^2$(Brain Foundation Model via Flow Matching), whose inductive bias aligns with the data by pretraining directly on the raw signal using continuous-time flow matching without patches, tokenization, or masking. However, multi-channel EEG signals pose an architectural challenge for flow matching: time is densely sampled and highly autocorrelated (thousands of timepoints), while the electrode axis is short (tens of channels) at distinct scalp positions. To address this time-electrode asymmetry, we introduce SplitUNet, a velocity network that factorizes each block into separate 1D temporal and 1D electrode convolutions and downsamples only along time, preserving electrode topology throughout the hierarchy. B[FM]$^2$ sets a new state of the art on $7$ of $9$ standard downstream EEG classification tasks, using a pretraining budget of only $36{,}895$ segments ($\approx$ 307h), 1-2 orders of magnitude ($\approx$ 30x) less than required by existing EEG foundation models. Further, it generates synthetic EEGs that two board-certified neurologists cannot distinguish from brain data (Cohen's $κ= -0.096$). https://jd730.github.io/projects/BFM2
Haofei Yu, Yining Zhao, Lenore Blum, Manuel Blum, Paul Pu Liang
Despite remarkable advances, today's AI systems remain narrow in scope, falling short of the adaptive and continual intelligence that characterizes human capabilities. This gap has fueled longstanding debates about whether AI might one day achieve human-like generality or even consciousness. Flipping the debate, we present a concrete blueprint for a multi-agent AI system inspired by a formal machine model of consciousness called the Conscious Turing Machine (CTM). Together, CTM-AI contains a large collection of powerful processors ranging from specialized experts (e.g., language models, multimodal models, tools, and APIs) to unspecialized general-purpose learners poised to develop their own expertise. Crucially, for whatever problem must be dealt with, information from many processors is competitively selected, integrated, and exchanged appropriately to solve the task. Feedback mechanisms in CTM-AI enable the system to iteratively evolve its internal connections and communication. CTM-AI achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on MUStARD (72.28) and UR-FUNNY (72.13), outperforming multimodal and multi-agent frameworks. On tool-using and agentic tasks, CTM-AI achieves 10+ points of improvement on StableToolBench and WebArena-Lite. Overall, CTM-AI offers a principled and testable multi-agent AI system inspired by a model of consciousness. The code is available at https://github.com/consciousness-lab/ctm-ai.
Reconstructing dynamic 3D scenes over time (4D reconstruction) from a single moving camera is central to robotics and AR/VR applications, yet state-of the-art feed-forward methods rely solely on RGB frames and therefore inherit the failure modes of conventional cameras, including motion blur and temporal aliasing under fast or non-uniform camera and object motion. Event cameras report per-pixel brightness changes asynchronously at microsecond resolution, offering a complementary signal that is largely immune to these artifacts, but whether this modality can be incorporated into existing RGB based 4D reconstruction pipelines without a full architectural redesign remains an open question. In this preliminary study, we investigate a minimal extension: we augment Monst3R, an existing RGB-only 4D reconstruction model, with an additional event-camera input branch, leaving the rest of the architecture unchanged. Across 3 benchmark datasets, this simple RGB-event fusion reduces Abs Rel by 3.4% on average relative to the RGB-only Monst3R baseline, and a sensitivity analysis shows that the improvement grows with the magnitude of camera and object motion, with the largest gains observed under high object motion conditions where RGB-only reconstruction degrades most. These early results suggest that even a lightweight, non-invasive fusion of event data can meaningfully improve 4D reconstruction robustness, motivating a more thorough architectural investigation in future work.
Yubin Kim, Ken Gu, Chanwoo Park, Chunjong Park, Samuel Schmidgall, A. Ali Heydari, Yao Yan, Zhihan Zhang 等 20 位作者
Agents, language model-based systems capable of reasoning, planning, and acting are widely adopted in real-world tasks, yet how their performance changes as these systems scale across key dimensions remains underexplored. We introduce quantitative scaling principles for agent systems as a predictive model, capturing how performance varies with coordination, model capability, and measurable system and task factors. Across 260 configurations spanning six agentic benchmarks, five canonical architectures (Single-Agent and four Multi-Agent: Independent, Centralized, Decentralized, Hybrid), and three LLM families, we perform controlled evaluations, standardizing tools, prompts, and compute to isolate architectural effects. The resulting model achieves a cross-validated R^2=0.373 across all six benchmarks (R^2=0.413 with a task-grounded capability metric). We identify a robust capability-saturation effect and additional patterns: (1) a coordination yields diminishing returns once single-agent baselines exceed certain performance; (2) tool-heavy tasks appear to incur multi-agent overhead; and (3) architectures without centralized verification tend to propagate errors more than those with centralized coordination. Relative performance change compared to single-agent baseline ranges from +80.8% on decomposable financial reasoning to -70.0% on sequential planning, demonstrating that architecture-task alignment determines collaborative success. The framework identifies the best-performing architecture for 87% of held-out configurations and shows consistent relative architecture preferences on unseen frontier models. Agent effectiveness depends on alignment between coordination and task structure, and that mismatched coordination degrades the performance.
MEM1: Learning to Synergize Memory and Reasoning for Efficient Long-Horizon Agents
Zijian Zhou, Ao Qu, Zhaoxuan Wu, Sunghwan Kim, Alok Prakash, Daniela Rus, Jinhua Zhao, Bryan Kian Hsiang Low 等 9 位作者
AI 速览：MEM1 是一个端到端强化学习框架，让语言智能体在长多轮任务中以恒定内存运行，通过紧凑共享状态协同记忆巩固与推理。
Modern language agents must operate over long-horizon, multi-turn interactions, where they retrieve external information, adapt to observations, and answer interdependent queries. Yet, most LLM systems rely on full-context prompting, appending all past turns regardless of their relevance. This leads to unbounded memory growth, increased computational costs, and degraded reasoning performance on out-of-distribution input lengths. We introduce MEM1, an end-to-end reinforcement learning framework that enables agents to operate with constant memory across long multi-turn tasks. At each turn, MEM1 updates a compact shared internal state that jointly supports memory consolidation and reasoning. This state integrates prior memory with new observations from the environment while strategically discarding irrelevant or redundant information. To support training in more realistic and compositional settings, we propose a simple yet effective and scalable approach to constructing multi-turn environments by composing existing datasets into arbitrarily complex task sequences. Experiments across three domains, including internal retrieval QA, open-domain web QA, and multi-turn web shopping, show that MEM1-7B improves performance by 3.5x while reducing memory usage by 3.7x compared to Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct on a 16-objective multi-hop QA task, and generalizes beyond the training horizon. Our results demonstrate the promise of reasoning-driven memory consolidation as a scalable alternative to existing solutions for training long-horizon interactive agents, where both efficiency and performance are optimized.