Silhouette-Based Gaitomics for Frailty Assessment in Older Adults
Laura McDaniel, Ryan Roemmich, Crystal Szczesny, Peter Abadir, Rama Chellappa, Basudha Pal
Walking offers a window into physical function that may support interpretable video-based frailty assessment. We developed silhouette-based "gaitomics" to connect frailty predictions with measurable patterns of body configuration and movement. In 66 older adults assessed using the Fried Frailty Phenotype, standardized silhouettes and gait energy images yielded 90 descriptors of shape, temporal variation, motion, and texture. Minimum redundancy maximum relevance selection using the mutual information difference criterion prioritized informative features while limiting redundancy. Each classifier was evaluated using nested stratified cross-validation with five outer and three inner folds at the participant level, with feature ranking and feature-count selection confined to training partitions. Shapley additive explanations examined contributions to held-out predictions. Bilateral silhouette difference led the aggregate feature-selection rankings for three-class classification and both comparisons involving frail participants. Attribution profiles differed across tasks, with texture and consecutive-frame silhouette differences prominent in three-class classification. Among classifier-specific evaluations, CatBoost achieved the highest mean three-class micro-AUC of 0.647 \pm 0.085. Leading pairwise mean micro-AUCs were 0.833 \pm 0.249 for frail versus nonfrail, 0.765 \pm 0.168 for frail versus prefrail, and 0.554 \pm 0.129 for prefrail versus nonfrail classification. These findings connect model predictions to explicit gait characteristics while revealing task-dependent feature priorities and limited separation of prefrail and nonfrail participants. The framework provides an interpretable basis for further investigation, with larger independent studies needed to establish reliability and clinical relevance.
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