Web services built on large language models (LLMs) receive many paraphrases of earlier queries, which a semantic cache answers from stored responses. A reused answer can be wrong, so wrong answers must stay below a share $δ$ of the queries. Existing caches reuse above a fixed similarity threshold or, like vCache, learn a per-entry rule that bounds each query's error by $δ$. However, fixed thresholds break the budget on new streams, and per-entry rules need labels on every entry before reusing it. We find an unspent error budget, as vCache realizes only 12-55% of $δ$ on three public query streams. Surplus spends this budget where reuse is most likely correct. It ranks queries by a risk score shared across paraphrase clusters and opens risk bins as far as an audited error estimate allows. Free labels from every LLM call and a ledger of realized errors keep this threshold safe under drift. On five streams, including ORCAS search queries, Surplus holds $δ$ in every test cell, which no baseline does. On the shuffled streams it serves 40% more hits than vCache, and its pooled hit rate beats the best baseline holding $δ$ in each cell by 4.10 points. In a vLLM testbed it cuts the mean latency by 31.59% at the highest load, against 23.67% for vCache.
Software development sessions often involve several unfinished tasks rather than one issue carried through to completion. As coding agents take on repository-level development, they need to recover an earlier task's requirements and partial progress after intervening work. Existing repository-level benchmarks typically score one issue-to-patch episode and do not directly measure whether an agent can resume a task after advancing other unfinished work in the same repository. We introduce \textbf{\ourmethod}, a benchmark for focus-task resumption in sessions that interleave unfinished tasks drawn from the same source repository, with a persistent checkout for each task. Each focus task is evaluated in matched uninterrupted and switched sessions with identical focus requirements and executable verifiers. The switched session interleaves ordered stages from other unfinished tasks in the same repository, while only the final focus patch is scored. \ourmethod~contains 200 focus tasks from 19 Python repositories, reconstructed from issue, pull-request, and review histories and rendered as 400 matched session specifications. Across 7 coding agents, interleaved unfinished work produces an average focus-task resolution gap of 11.5 percentage points, ranging from 6.0 to 15.0 percentage points. Trajectory analysis identifies cross-task requirement confusion and loss of task state as recurrent resumption behaviors. We introduce a plug-in context-management module that selects task-relevant history and maintains concise task-state summaries. On OpenCode, the module improves focus-task completion under same-repository task switching by 5.5 to 15.5 percentage points across the evaluated models. Code is available at github.com/Miraclecsc/Switch-SWE.
Shuochen Chang Shanghai Jiaotong University and ByteDance Inc., Tong Bai, Xiaofeng Zhang, Qianli Ma Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Qingyang Liu, Zhaohe Liao Alibaba Group and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Yibo Miao Moonshot AI, Li Niu Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Latent reasoning enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform multi-step inference within continuous hidden states, offering efficiency gains over explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT). However, the opacity of these continuous thought vectors hinders their reliability and controllability. This paper bridges the gap between mechanistic interpretability and actionable control. We first present a systematic analysis using structural, causal, and geometric probes, revealing that latent vectors encode compressed, faithful representations of reasoning steps, with early vectors acting as critical causal hubs. Building on this, we operationalize these interpretability insights into a suite of training-free, decode-time interventions that refine the latent reasoning process by imposing the identified geometric and semantic priors. Extensive experiments across multiple model scales and diverse task domains demonstrate that our approaches consistently improve reasoning accuracy. Our interpretability-guided interventions consistently unlock latent capabilities and improve reasoning accuracy without any parameter updates.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Qianli Ma Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chang Guo, Zhiheng Tian, Siyu Wang, Jipeng Xiao, Yuanhao Yue Alibaba Group, Zhipeng Zhang Shanghai Jiaotong University and Didi Research
Writing effective rebuttals is a high-stakes task that demands more than linguistic fluency, as it requires precise alignment between reviewer intent and manuscript details. Current solutions typically treat this as a direct-to-text generation problem, suffering from hallucination, overlooked critiques, and a lack of verifiable grounding. To address these limitations, we introduce RebuttalAgent, the first multi-agents framework that reframes rebuttal generation as an evidence-centric planning task. Our system decomposes complex feedback into atomic concerns and dynamically constructs hybrid contexts by synthesizing compressed summaries with high-fidelity text while integrating an autonomous and on-demand external search module to resolve concerns requiring outside literature. By generating an inspectable response plan before drafting, RebuttalAgent ensures that every argument is explicitly anchored in internal or external evidence. We validate our approach on the proposed RebuttalBench and demonstrate that our pipeline outperforms strong baselines in coverage, faithfulness, and strategic coherence, offering a transparent and controllable assistant for the peer review process. Code will be released.
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cs.CL · cs.MA
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表