HERO-D3QN: Inter-Cluster Routing with Energy-Aware Soft Constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks
Weihao Wang, Heng Yang, Guangbo Chen, Shanshan Li, Jiulin Guo, Ajay Kaushik, Fangwei Li, Junrui Hao 等 9 位作者
原文摘要
Inter-cluster forwarding in wireless sensor networks can concentrate energy consumption on frequently selected relays, while hard energy thresholds restrict forwarding choices as residual energy declines. We propose Hierarchical Energy-balanced Routing Optimization based on a dueling double deep Q-network (D3QN), termed HERO-D3QN. Given the cluster structure, the method combines direction- and cost-based relay screening with energy-aware soft constraints. Relays below an adaptive energy threshold remain eligible if the other selection criteria are met. An enhanced state representation captures relay energy, progress toward the sink, potential forwarding load, and hotspot risk, and a multi-objective reward guides learning. In the comparison with D3QN using the same node locations, HERO-D3QN delayed first-node death (FND) from time step 629 to 1269 and reduced peak residual energy variance by 55.5%. In the ablation study, the full method achieved the latest FND and half-node death (HND) and the largest cumulative transmitted volume (170.52 Mbit) among the tested variants. Across five seed settings in which node locations and the random processes used in training and evaluation varied jointly, the coefficients of variation of FND, HND, and transmitted volume were 8.26%, 2.75%, and 3.88%, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of HERO-D3QN in delaying early node failure and reducing peak energy dispersion.
cs.NI