Multivariate time series forecasting plays a critical role in Web and cyber-physical systems, where large-scale services and IoT infrastructures generate complex temporal data. Transformer-based models have achieved strong empirical performance in this domain, yet the principles governing the expressive capacity of their learned representations remain insufficiently understood. Moreover, many existing models rely on simplified decoding strategies, including channel-independent modeling and direct projection heads, which limit their ability to capture complex multivariate dynamics. To address these challenges, we propose RankFormer, a novel encoder-decoder architecture for multivariate time series forecasting. We establish a rank-based analysis framework to investigate how tokenization, embedding, and attention designs affect the representation capacity of time series Transformers. Our analysis reveals that patchification increases the potential representation capacity by aggregating multiple temporal observations into each token, while subsequent encoding operations determine how much of this capacity is realized. Guided by these insights, we develop a rank-enhancing encoder with Hourglass Attention to improve rank stability during information interaction. Furthermore, we introduce the Interactive Progressive Decoder (IPD), which improves future trajectory modeling through global-guided cross-channel interaction and progressive refinement. Extensive experiments on real-world long-term forecasting benchmarks demonstrate that RankFormer achieves competitive performance against state-of-the-art methods. Code repository: https://github.com/TangPeiwang/Rankformer.
Peiwang Tang, Cheng HE, Yupeng Ye, Weitai Zhang, Qinghua Sun, Defu Lian
Time-series data generated by Web services and connected systems support applications such as user activity analysis, service monitoring, and resource management. However, learning transferable representations from heterogeneous time series remains challenging due to diverse temporal patterns, variable sequence lengths, and limited high-quality annotations. Despite the success of pre-training in natural language processing and computer vision, effective time-series pre-training requires strategies tailored to temporal data. We propose TimeHAT (Hybrid Attention Transformer), a general-purpose pre-training framework for time-series analysis that addresses two complementary questions: what to learn and how to learn. For what to learn, we introduce a Unified Point-Patch Masking Strategy (UPPMS) that integrates point-level and patch-level supervision within a unified framework for contextual reconstruction and causal extrapolation, enabling the model to capture both fine-grained temporal variations and broader temporal patterns. For how to learn, we develop a Hybrid Attention Encoder (HAE) that combines prefix-constrained bidirectional attention in initial layers with directional hybrid attention in deeper layers, aiming to preserve effective contextual interactions while mitigating rank degeneration. We evaluate TimeHAT across real-world datasets and four downstream tasks: classification, long-term forecasting, imputation, and anomaly detection. Experiments cover fine-tuning, few-shot, and zero-shot transfer settings, demonstrating competitive performance across diverse time-series analysis tasks. Code is available at https://github.com/TangPeiwang/TimeHAT.
Wang Tang, Fethiye Irmak Dogan, Linbo Qing, Ce Zhu, Hatice Gunes
Dyadic relationship recognition aims to identify the latent social relationship between two individuals from their multimodal interactions. Existing methods typically project heterogeneous cues into a shared representation and optimise a flat classification objective, overlooking that relationships may rely on different interaction patterns. For instance, distant relationships can often be inferred from direct behavioural correspondence, whereas close relationships are better reflected by coordinated affective, behavioural, and multimodal responses. To address this limitation, we propose HiRe-DRR, a Hierarchical Multimodal Interaction Reasoning framework that organises relationship evidence from three complementary perspectives: feature level, interaction type, and relationship hierarchy. HiRe-DRR decomposes facial, bodily, acoustic, and textual cues into low- and high-level representations and constructs homogeneous and heterogeneous cross-participant interactions. We further introduce the Mixture-of-Interaction Transformer (MoI-Former), which treats diverse interactions as specialised experts and employs relation-aware sparse routing to identify relationship-relevant evidence while preserving contextual interaction information. The proposed Hierarchical Conditional Loss (HC-Loss) exploits the hierarchical nature of social relationships through coarse-to-fine supervision, enabling structured relationship reasoning. Extensive experiments on three dyadic relationship benchmarks demonstrate that HiRe-DRR outperforms recent representative image-, video-, and multimodal methods. Our routing analysis further reveals that distant relationships tend to rely on low-level homogeneous interactions, whereas closer relationships focus on high-level heterogeneous interactions. Our code is publicly available at: https://github.com/tw-repository/HiRe-DRR.