Yan Lin, Jilin Hu, N. M. Anoop Krishnan, Morten M. Smedskjaer
Amorphous (disordered) materials require simulation cells with at least hundreds to thousands of atoms to accurately capture their diverse local atomic environments, compared to crystalline materials that can be described by unit cells containing a few to hundreds of atoms. To advance the design of amorphous materials with desired properties and facilitate the exploration of their vast design space, generative inverse design has emerged as a promising approach. It aims to directly output materials with properties closely aligned with the desired ones using probabilistic generative models conditioned on desired properties, which can be more resource efficient than the traditional trial-and-error approach. However, due to the inherent stochasticity of probabilistic generative models, when element assignments are unconstrained, a large portion of generated materials may be charge unbalanced, and existing methods either fix the composition in advance or discard charge unbalanced samples after generation. In this work, we propose AMGenC, a new generative inverse design method for amorphous materials that can guarantee the generation of formally charge balanced samples, with minimal additional computational overhead and without sacrificing inverse design accuracy. AMGenC achieves this through an element noise that gives the generation process a starting point centered around charge balance, and the combination of a per-step soft projection and a final discrete projection for steering the elements toward exact charge balance throughout the generation. We perform extensive experiments on two amorphous materials datasets. Experimental results provide evidence that AMGenC achieves its design goal.
Huanyue Liao, Seok Min Lim, Yan Ling Lim, Shi Min Cheng, Kellin Pelrine, Chen Hui Ong
AI companion chatbots are increasingly used by vulnerable individuals, including adolescents in suicidal crisis, for emotional support. Existing safety evaluations focus on base models, leaving gaps in product-level assessment, crisis-stage sensitivity, and comparisons between companion apps and general-purpose LLMs. We introduce MIRROR-Eval (Multi-turn Interaction Risk Review: Observing suicidal-crisis Responses), a dataset of 960 annotated 20-turn conversations across eight deployed platform configurations, six clinically grounded personas, and two crisis stages: ideation and explicit planning. An LLM-as-a-Judge pipeline applies an expert-reviewed rubric covering user risk severity, chatbot risk awareness, and intervention behavior. We observe a three-tier harm structure: companion apps (Character.AI and Replika) and Grok 4.3 form a high-harm tier; Gemini 3.1 Pro is mid-range; GPT-5.5 and Claude Sonnet 5 show substantially lower harm. At planning, companion apps show increased glorification and normalisation, advancement toward harmful action, and harmful methods and instructions. Crisis recognition and empathetic language do not ensure safe responses. These findings highlight the need for product-level safety evaluation across crisis stages. Dataset and code: https://huggingface.co/datasets/imda-biztech/MIRROR-Eval. Warning: this paper includes examples that may be offensive or harmful.
Human infants, with only a few hundred hours of speech exposure, acquire basic units of new languages, highlighting a striking efficiency gap compared to the data-hungry self-supervised speech models. To address this gap, this paper introduces SpidR-Adapt for rapid adaptation of speech units to new languages using minimal unlabeled data. We cast such low-resource speech representation learning as a meta-learning problem and construct a multi-task adaptive pre-training (MAdaPT) protocol which formulates the adaptation process as a bi-level optimization framework. To enable scalable meta-training under this framework, we propose a novel heuristic solution, first-order bi-level optimization (FOBLO), avoiding heavy computation costs. Finally, we stabilize meta-training by using a robust initialization through interleaved supervision which alternates self-supervised and supervised objectives. Empirically, SpidR-Adapt achieves rapid gains in phonemic discriminability (ABX) and downstream spoken language modeling scores (sWUGGY, sBLIMP, tSC), surpassing in-domain toplines after training on less than 1h of target-language audio and delivering 100\times greater data efficiency than standard multi-task training.. These findings highlight a practical, architecture-agnostic path toward biologically inspired, data-efficient representations. We open-source the training code and model checkpoints at https://github.com/facebookresearch/spidr-adapt.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表