Post-training updates change what large language models (LLMs) can answer, but may leave their answerability judgments misaligned. We study this knowledge-judgment desynchronization through functional feeling of knowing (FoK), which supports selective generation, retrieval triggering, and model routing without implying subjective experience. We propose two trainable channels: a knowledge channel that changes answerability and a FoK channel that judges the current knowledge state. Three stages train them: on-policy supervised fine-tuning (OP-SFT) updates knowledge from corrected on-policy answers; knowledge-delta FoK training (K$Δ$-FT) adapts judgments across intermediate knowledge states; and FoK-guided policy optimization (FGPO) trains the subsequent answer or explanation. Factual-QA experiments, cross-dataset evaluation, and three sequential updates show that explicit FoK alignment improves judgment quality on updated knowledge. MMLU and ARC-Easy separately assess capability preservation.
Agentic workflows organize complex tasks into reusable procedures. However, invoking an LLM at every step incurs repeated inference costs and delays. We propose a framework for self-evolving agentic workflows through semantic task decomposition. Each subtask has explicit applicability conditions and a procedure that executes code or invokes a model as needed. An agent uses execution feedback to refine the decomposition and update these procedures. Experiments in the GLEE competition show the framework on bargaining, negotiation and persuasion. Most observed final-decision procedures are implemented in code. Code is available at https://github.com/Applied-Machine-Learning-Lab/NeurIPS2026_SeaFlow.
Proactive LLM agents anticipate service opportunities from ongoing observations and accumulated history. Existing approaches emphasize recent context or retrieval of related memories, providing limited support for validating recurring behavioral regularities and assessing their applicability to the current event. We propose Proactive Memory (ProactMem), which organizes history into recent events, temporal trajectories, and behavioral regularities. Trajectory facts are checked against source events, and regularities are assessed through historical replay before being matched to current conditions. We also construct ProactiveStream, a longitudinal benchmark covering three application scopes, where agents process isolated event streams chronologically under episode-aware opportunity labels. On ProactiveStream, ProactMem achieves an overall effectiveness (F1) of 52.6%, a 21.4% relative improvement over the strongest of five external baselines. Code is available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/ProactMem-5351/.
Derong Xu City University of Hong Kong and University of Science and Technology of China, Shuochen Liu University of Science and Technology of China, Pengfei Luo, Pengyue Jia City University of Hong Kong, Yingyi Zhang, Yi Wen, Yimin Deng City University of Hong Kong and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Wenlin Zhang City University of Hong Kong 等 11 位作者
Large language model (LLM) agents require long-term user memory for consistent personalization, but limited context windows hinder tracking evolving preferences over long interactions. Existing memory systems mainly rely on static, hand-crafted update rules; although reinforcement learning (RL)-based agents learn memory updates, sparse outcome rewards provide weak supervision, resulting in unstable long-horizon optimization. Drawing on memory schema theory and the functional division between prefrontal regions and hippocampus regions, we introduce MemCoE, a cognition-inspired two-stage optimization framework that learns how memory should be organized and what information to update. In the first stage, we propose Memory Guideline Induction to optimize a global guideline via contrastive feedback interpreted as textual gradients; in the second stage, Guideline-Aligned Memory Policy Optimization uses the induced guideline to define structured process rewards and performs multi-turn RL to learn a guideline-following memory evolution policy. We evaluate on three personalization memory benchmarks, covering explicit and implicit preferences as well as different sizes and noise levels, and observe consistent improvements over strong baselines with favorable robustness, transferability, and efficiency[https://github.com/Applied-Machine-Learning-Lab/ACL2026_MemCoE].
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表