Operational flood forecasting depends on tacit forecaster expertise that is difficult to formalize, audit, and transfer. Although artificial intelligence methods have advanced flood prediction and model-error correction, few studies explicitly represent the tacit expert rules, review checkpoints, and workflow constraints that connect model outputs to operational warning decisions. Here, we propose Community HydroAgent for Flood Forecasting (CHA-Flood), a skill-orchestrated agent framework that embeds Large Language Models (LLMs) into a model-driven flood forecasting workflow, where each skill encodes explicit rules to bound LLM reasoning. We validated its effectiveness using five state-of-the-art LLMs in the South Yamhill River basin (USA). Prior judgment captures observed peak flow and flood volume within 5% tolerance in 10 and 11 out of 14 events, and 5-fold cross-validation over 129 events yields Pearson correlations of 0.62 and 0.84. Building on a high-baseline scheme library (average KGE 0.890), the guided scheme selection further improves KGE by 0.023-0.154. All five tested LLMs successfully execute the CHA-Flood workflow with comparable judgment accuracy (each spanning 40%-80% across cross-validation folds) but with substantial cost differences. Removing only the language-model narrowing lowers median KGE from 0.723-0.753 to 0.662 for all five LLMs, indicating that the gain comes from LLM reasoning rather than from the choice of LLM. CHA-Flood does not aim to replace human forecasters; instead, it translates their tacit expertise into an auditable and reproducible workflow. This skill-orchestrated paradigm demonstrates how explicit rule boundaries can guide LLM reasoning to complement physically based simulation in next-generation flood forecasting.
Building general game agents requires both high-level task reasoning and low-latency action control in rapidly changing visual environments. These capabilities favor models with substantially different computational profiles, making them difficult to realize within a single model. In this work, we present TaskFrame, a hierarchical planner-controller framework that connects task-level planning with frame-level keyboard-and-mouse control. A vision-language task planner decomposes a high-level goal into an ordered sequence of atomic instructions and is optimized through supervised learning and dependency-aware GRPO. The hidden states of special goal tokens that terminate each atomic instruction provide continuous goal embeddings that are cached and reused across control steps. A causal Transformer controller combines the embedding of the active goal with recent observations to predict discrete keyboard and mouse-button actions and continuous camera motion at every game step. We train the system in three stages: planner training, controller pretraining, and joint alignment. Experiments in Minecraft show that TaskFrame is competitive with general-purpose vision-language models on instruction decomposition, and that in closed-loop evaluation the agent achieves a higher combat success rate than the evaluated baselines.
Zhonghang Yuan University of Science and Technology of China and Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Zhefan Wang Fudan University, Fang Hu Shanghai Innovation Institute and Fudan University, Zihong Chen, Jinzhe Li, Gang Li Fudan University, Jie Ying Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Huanjun Kong 等 10 位作者
Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated promising potential to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in domains such as mathematics and coding. However, its applications on knowledge-intensive domains have not been effectively explored due to the scarcity of high-quality verifiable data. Furthermore, current RLVR focuses solely on the correctness of final answers, leading to the limitations of flawed reasoning and sparse reward signals. In this work, we propose Knowledge-to-Verification (K2V), a framework that extends RLVR to knowledge-intensive domains through automated verifiable data synthesis, while enabling verification of the LLM’s reasoning process. Extensive experiments demonstrate that K2V enhances the reasoning of LLM in knowledge-intensive domains without significantly compromising the model’s general capabilities. This study also suggests that integrating automated data synthesis with reasoning verification is a promising direction to enhance model capabilities in these broader domains.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表