Junchao Wu University of Macau, Yefeng Liu, Chenyu Zhu, Hao Zhang, Zeyu Wu, Tianqi Shi, Yichao Du, Longyue Wang Alibaba Group 等 11 位作者
The effective detection and governance of Large Language Model (LLM) generated content has become increasingly critical due to the growing risk of misuse. Despite the impressive performance of existing detectors, their reliability and potential in multilingual, real-world scenarios remain largely underexplored.In this study, we introduce DetectRL-X, a comprehensive multilingual benchmark designed to evaluate advanced detectors across 8 dimensions. The benchmark encompasses 8 languages commonly used in commercial contexts and collects human-written texts from 6 domains highly susceptible to LLM misuse. To better aligned with real-world applications, We create LLM-generated texts using 4 popular commercial LLMs, and include typical AI-assisted writing operations such as polishing, expanding, and condensing to capture authentic usage patterns. Furthermore, we develop a multilingual framework for paraphrasing and perturbation attacks to simulate diverse human modifications and writing noise, enabling stress testing of detectors across languages.Experimental results on DetectRL-X reveal the strengths and limitations of current state-of-the-art detectors when applied to diverse linguistic resources. We further analyze how domains, generators, attack strategies, text length, and refinement operations influence performance in different languages, underscoring DetectRL-X as an effective benchmark for strengthening multilingual and language-specific detectors.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Cross-cultural entity translation remains challenging for large language models (LLMs) as literal or phonetic renderings are usually yielded instead of culturally appropriate translations in context. However, relevant knowledge may already be encoded in model parameters during large-scale pre-training. To incentivize the effective use of parametric knowledge, we propose EA-RLVR (Entity-Anchored Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards), a training framework that optimizes cross-cultural entity translation without relying on external knowledge bases. EA-RLVR anchors supervision on a verifiable, entity-level reward signal and incorporates lightweight structural gates to stabilize optimization. This design steers the model toward learning a robust reasoning process rather than merely imitating reference translations. We evaluate EA-RLVR on XC-Translate and observe consistent improvements in both entity translation accuracy and out-of-domain generalization. Specifically, training on merely 7k samples boosts Qwen3-14B’s entity translation accuracy from 23.66% to 31.87% on a 50k test set comprising entirely unseen entities. The learned entity translation ability also transfers to general translation, yielding +1.35 XCOMET on WMT24pp, which scales to +1.59 with extended optimization. Extensive analyses of pass@k dynamics and reward formulations attribute these gains to superior sampling efficiency and a stable optimization landscape.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zhengxuan Lu, Dongfang Li, Yukun Shi, Beilun Wang Southeast University, Longyue Wang Alibaba Group, Baotian Hu Harbin Institute of Technology
Current approaches to memory in Large Language Models (LLMs) predominantly rely on static Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which often results in scattered retrieval and fails to capture the structural dependencies required for complex reasoning. For autonomous agents, these passive and flat architectures lack the cognitive organization necessary to model the dynamic and associative nature of long-term interaction. To address this, we propose Structured Episodic Event Memory (SEEM), a hierarchical framework that synergizes a graph memory layer for relational facts with a dynamic episodic memory layer for narrative progression. Grounded in cognitive frame theory, SEEM transforms interaction streams into structured Episodic Event Frames (EEFs) anchored by precise provenance pointers. Furthermore, we introduce an agentic associative fusion and Reverse Provenance Expansion (RPE) mechanism to reconstruct coherent narrative contexts from fragmented evidence. Experimental results on the LoCoMo and LongMemEval benchmarks demonstrate that SEEM significantly outperforms baselines, enabling agents to maintain superior narrative coherence and logical consistency.
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cs.CL · cs.AI
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Quyu Kong Alibaba Group, Xu Zhang Alibaba Group, Zhenyu Yang The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nolan Gao, Chen Liu The University of Queensland, Panrong Tong Alibaba Cloud, Chenglin Cai Alibaba Group, Hanzhang Zhou 等 13 位作者
While AndroidWorld has become the dominant mobile-use benchmark due to its reproducible environment and deterministic evaluation, recent agents achieving over 90% success rates indicate saturation and motivate the need for greater challenge. In addition, its environment lacks key application categories, such as e-commerce and enterprise communication, and does not reflect realistic mobile-use scenarios characterized by vague user instructions and hybrid tool usage. We introduce MobileWorld, a substantially more challenging benchmark with 201 tasks across 20 applications that reflects real-world usage through long-horizon, cross-application workflows requiring nearly twice as many steps (27.8 vs. 14.3) and featuring significantly more multi-app tasks (62.2% vs. 9.5%) than AndroidWorld. MobileWorld balances production-grade utility and reproducible evaluation using open-source alternatives to industry standards (e.g., Mattermost for Slack), enabling full observability through source code modification and direct database access. Beyond standard GUI manipulation, MobileWorld introduces novel task categories including agent-user interaction and Model Context Protocol (MCP)-augmented tasks for evaluating agents in user-aware, hybrid-tool scenarios. We develop a planner-executor framework with extended action spaces supporting user interactions and MCP calls. Results show a sharp performance drop from AndroidWorld, with the best agentic framework and end-to-end model achieving 51.7% and 20.9% success rates, respectively, highlighting substantial room for future research.
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cs.CL · cs.AI
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
While mechanistic interpretability tools like Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) can uncover meaningful features within Large Language Models (LLMs), a critical gap remains in transforming these insights into practical actions for model optimization. We bridge this gap with the hypothesis that data selection guided by a model’s internal task features is a effective training strategy. Inspired by this, we propose Interpretability-Guided Data Selection (IGDS), a framework that first identifies these causal task features through frequency recall and interventional filtering, then selects “Feature-Resonant Data” that maximally activates task features for fine-tuning. We validate IGDS on mathematical reasoning, summarization, and translation tasks within Gemma-2, LLaMA-3.1, and Qwen3 models. Our experiments demonstrate exceptional data efficiency: on the Math task, IGDS surpasses full-dataset fine-tuning by a remarkable 17.4% on Gemma-2-2B while using only 50% of the data, and outperforms established baselines focused on data quality and diversity. Analysis confirms a strong positive correlation between feature amplification and task performance improvement. IGDS thus provides a direct and effective framework to enhance LLMs by leveraging their internal mechanisms, validating our core hypothesis.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zhiwen Ruan, Yichao Du, Jianjie Zheng Southern University of Science and Technology, Longyue Wang Alibaba Group, Yun Chen Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Peng Li Tsinghua University, Jinsong Su Xiamen University, Yang Liu 等 9 位作者
Instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong instruction-following and generalization abilities, enabled by expensive post-training pipelines. However, adapting them to specific downstream tasks remains challenging: direct fine-tuning often disrupts this delicate balance, while existing adapter-based transfer methods typically treat the instruction-tuned model as a passive target that only participates at the final merging stage. We propose GIFT (Guided Fine-Tuning and Transfer), a simple and efficient framework that incorporates instruction-level guidance into task adaptation. GIFT fine-tunes a low-rank adapter on the pretrained base model using token-level confidence signals derived from the instruction-tuned model. The learned adapter is then merged into the instruction-tuned model, yielding task-specialized models that preserve general instruction-following behavior. We evaluate GIFT on mathematical reasoning and knowledge-intensive benchmarks across multiple model families and scales. Results show that GIFT consistently outperforms direct fine-tuning and representative transfer-based baselines, while maintaining robust generalization and favorable test-time scaling behavior.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to human preferences is pivotal for Machine Translation (MT), yet current approaches are often hindered by misleading reward signals. Our analysis reveals that prevailing Quality Estimation (QE) models exhibit a systematic blind spot towards partial errors—specifically partial hallucinations and omissions—often favoring superficially fluent but unfaithful translations. To address this, we propose M^2PO (Multi-Perspective Multi-Pair Preference Optimization), a data-centric framework for preference optimization in machine translation. First, to correct the bias towards fluency, M^2PO uses a multi-perspective alignment mechanism that decouples semantic fidelity from fluency, prioritizing faithfulness via a curriculum strategy. Second, with the bias corrected, partial errors fall between perfect and severely incorrect translations, making them inefficient to learn via standard best-versus-worst comparisons. We thus introduce a multi-pair objective that leverages the full candidate list to capture these fine-grained error signals. Experiments on WMT23, WMT24, and FLORES-200 show that M^2PO enables a 9B model to outperform leading open-source baselines and achieve parity with proprietary models like GPT-4o and Gemini-2.0-Flash, demonstrating significant potential for efficient, high-fidelity LLM-based translation.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Xuanbai Ren, Luoda Tan, Pei Liu Hunan University, Tengfei Ma Hunan University, Xiangzheng Fu Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Longyue Wang Alibaba Group, Yiping Liu Hunan University and Yuelushan Center for Industrial Innovation, Xiangxiang Zeng
Transfer learning has demonstrated efficacy in single-property constraint molecular generation. However, real-world drug discovery demands molecules to satisfy multiple property constraints. Existing paradigms often struggle with this challenge due to catastrophic forgetting or gradient conflicts. To address this, we propose a conflict-aware molecular language model merging framework (CAML). CAML generates multiple constraints molecular as a cooperative game among property-specific fine-tune models (expert models). Specifically, we formulate a Stability-Aware Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (SACMA-ES) to dynamically optimize the fusion strategy. This algorithm searches for a Nash-equilibrium–like solution that minimizes conflicts among properties by exploring the optimal combination of the importance of the task parameter (intrinsic scale) and relative fusion weights of each expert (fusion coefficient), yielding a multi-constraint molecular property generation model without revisiting the training data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CAML achieves state-of-the-art performance in complex multi-constraint scenarios. Our results validate that this training-free paradigm offers a robust and efficient solution for resolving intrinsic property conflicts in de novo molecular design.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Tian Lan Alibaba Group, Yiqian Yang, Qianghuai Jia, Li Zhu Alibaba Group, Hui Jiang, Hang Zhu, Weihua Luo Alibaba International Digital Commerce Group, Longyue Wang Alibaba Group
Despite recent progress, existing agent benchmarks neglect a fundamental real-world capability: hierarchical rule application, a critical requirement in fields such as law and medicine where agents must reason from broad categories down to specific exceptions to reach rule-compliant decisions.This introduces significant challenges in resolving logical dependencies and disambiguating vague boundaries.To bridge this gap, we introduce HSCodeComp, a novel benchmark derived from e-commerce, requiring agents to assign a unique 10-digit Harmonized System (HS) Code to products by aligning their fuzzy attributes with strict tariff classification rules.HSCodeComp comprises 632 realistic products across 32 categories, featuring detailed yet noisy product information (titles, attributes, and images). The HS Codes are annotated by a panel of 26 tariff experts, strictly adhering to official rules and an empirical knowledge base, both of which we jointly open-source.Through a comprehensive evaluation of 23 LLMs, VLMs, and agents on HSCodeComp, we demonstrate that: 1) a substantial performance gap remains between state-of-the-art agents and human experts (46.8% vs. 95.0%); and 2) test-time scaling fails to close this gap. Further analysis reveals that 1) excessive reasoning steps frequently induce “reasoning drift,” which degrades accuracy; and 2) agents are prone to premature decisions on high-level categories and reasoning hallucinations that lack factual grounding.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表