AI 速览：RFW-A 将智能体程序合成与程序化生成结合，先由智能体构建并验证类别级可复用生成器，再以程序化执行低成本批量产出铰接资产，并构建了 RFW-A-400K 数据集。
High-quality articulated assets are essential for embodied perception, simulation, and manipulation, yet constructing them at scale remains difficult. Manual annotation and procedural modeling require substantial human effort. Recent agentic systems automate asset construction through program synthesis, but repeat costly reasoning and refinement for every new asset. Our key observation is that assets within a category can share construction logic despite variations in structure and appearance. Agentic synthesis and procedural generation are therefore complementary: agents can construct reusable programs, while procedural execution reuses the resulting logic across many samples. We therefore present RFW-A, which combines the two in a new articulated-asset generation paradigm. Starting from existing articulated programs, RFW-A organizes reusable components and their dependencies into category-level generators. Agents test and refine these generators across sampled configurations and motion states. Once constructed and validated, the generators produce diverse assets through procedural execution with no further model calls or token charges. The estimated API cost of generator authoring averages $10.62, amortizing to $0.05 per asset over 200 assets, versus $1.24 for the sampled per-asset agentic synthesis baseline. Using RFW-A, we built RFW-A-400K, containing over 400K sim-ready articulated assets across more than 500 categories. Experiments show high structural and kinematic validity and stable execution across physics simulators. Beyond asset validity, training with RFW-A-400K improves part-level articulation estimation on seen and unseen categories, while policies trained in simulation with retrieved and program-edited assets transfer zero-shot to real articulated objects.
Textual Response-Aware Guidance for Zero-Shot Adversarial Robustness of Vision-Language Models
Yubo Cui, Xianchao Guan, Zheng Zhang
AI 速览：提出文本响应感知引导（TRAG），利用预训练文本编码器对输入嵌入局部变化的响应来约束视觉表示漂移，以提升视觉语言模型的零样本对抗鲁棒性。
Vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit strong zero-shot generalization but remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Existing adversarial fine-tuning methods often use pre-trained model guidance to preserve image--text alignment while improving robustness. Our analysis of visual representation drift reveals complementary limitations of two representative forms of guidance. Matching visual features provides broad coverage by constraining all directions equally, but lacks semantic emphasis. Matching prediction distributions prioritizes semantically relevant directions, but remains limited by the candidate texts and prediction probabilities. These limitations can hinder preservation of pre-trained image--text relationships and degrade zero-shot performance. To address these issues, we propose Textual Response-Aware Guidance (TRAG), which constrains visual representation drift using the pre-trained text encoder's responses to local variations in input embeddings. Specifically, TRAG constructs anchor-level constraints from the response directions and magnitudes around semantic anchors, then aggregates them using pre-trained image--anchor relevance, yielding an image-adaptive constraint. Extensive experiments across architectures and tasks demonstrate state-of-the-art clean and robust performance. Further analysis shows that TRAG helps preserve pre-trained image--text relationships.
World action models (WAMs) increasingly couple internal visual or world representations with action generation, making their world-to-action pathways a critical yet poorly understood source of robustness. We investigate when perturbations to these internal representations actually become behaviorally consequential, and uncover a pronounced mismatch between representation perturbability and closed-loop vulnerability: attack effectiveness varies sharply across visual K/V routes, while larger representation displacement does not reliably imply stronger control failure. Our analysis attributes this mismatch to the action-conditioned readout, where keys determine where action queries read and values determine what content they receive. This motivates an action-facing view of vulnerability, in which the effect of a perturbation depends on how it is routed into action generation rather than on representation-space magnitude alone. We instantiate this view with Tail-AV, a short-probe signal for identifying vulnerable routes, and operationalize it in PASA-KV, which selects action-facing K/V targets before training a fresh task-shared attack. Experiments across multiple WAM systems and a physical robot validate readout-informed target selection, demonstrate strong closed-loop attacks, and reveal substantial system-level differences in resistance.
Nayoung Choi, Shengjian Chen, Xiaokai Wei, Wenzheng Zhang, Daiyao Yi, Rachit Pareek, Vincent Su, Michelle Gong 等 9 位作者
Query understanding (QU) in production search systems has typically relied on separate models for each subtask, such as search intent classification, attribute extraction, and query rewriting. Large language models (LLMs) now make it possible to consolidate these subtasks into a single model that emits a unified QU output. This consolidation, however, introduces a new optimization challenge. A single model serves multiple components, each with a distinct downstream role within the search pipeline, and the utility of each depends on how the underlying search engine acts on it rather than on agreement with static labels. We present a search-aware reinforcement learning (RL) framework for multi-component QU based on a distill-then-RL paradigm. Teacher-student supervised fine-tuning (SFT) first yields a schema-compliant small policy. The RL stage then starts from this policy, executes each QU plan on the live production search engine, and optimizes every component with a reward tailored to its operational role, rather than relying on a single reward tied to the final search outcome. On a large-scale user-generated game platform, this component-specific optimization raises NDCG@20 by 8.9 points over the SFT policy and by 3.5 points over a single end-to-end reward. The resulting small, low-latency student models also surpass their much larger teacher, and our final model is being incrementally deployed in production.
Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a gradient-free alternative to first-order (FO) methods by estimating gradients via finite differences of function evaluations, and has recently emerged as a memory-efficient paradigm for fine-tuning large-scale models by avoiding backpropagation. However, ZO optimization has a fundamental tension between accuracy and query efficiency. In this work, we show that ZO optimization can be substantially improved by unifying two complementary principles: (i) a projection-based subspace view that reduces gradient estimation variance by exploiting the intrinsic low-rank structure of model updates, and (ii) Muon-style spectral optimization that applies gradient orthogonalization to extract informative spectral structure from noisy ZO gradients. These findings form a unified framework of subspace gradient orthogonalization, which we instantiate in a new method, ZO-Muon, admitting a natural interpretation as a low-rank Muon optimizer in the ZO setting. Extensive experiments on large language models (LLMs) and vision transformers (ViTs) demonstrate that ZO-Muon significantly accelerates convergence and achieves a win-win improvement in accuracy and query/runtime efficiency. Notably, compared to the popular MeZO baseline, ZO-Muon requires only 24.7% of the queries to reach the same SST-2 performance for LLM fine-tuning, and improves accuracy by 25.1% on ViT-L fine-tuning on CIFAR-100.
Work agents operate over digital artifacts to execute professional knowledge-intensive work, requiring training environments that support long-horizon interaction and trustworthy verification. However, hand-crafted environments incur prohibitive engineering overhead that prevents environment scaling, whereas synthesis methods sacrifice workspace complexity, realism, or grounded verifiability. To bridge this gap, we introduce WorkForge, a scalable synthesis framework for constructing verifiable work-agent environments from real-world resources. Starting from expert workflows, WorkForge first identifies the resources, decisions, and deliverables required by each workflow. It then retrieves relevant real-world files and organizes them into a workspace. WorkForge inspects the workspace to extract concrete, checkable facts about its content. These factual anchors fix which task types the workspace can support and how their outcomes can be verified. Therefore, WorkForge derives each task's instructions, solution plan, and complementary programmatic and semantic verifiers directly from these factual anchors, keeping verification traceable to observable workspace evidence. Furthermore, we construct 16.7K verifiable environments across 40 professional domains, with workspaces collectively covering 60 file types. Post-training Qwen3.5-35B-A3B-Base improves GDPVal from 45.5 to 73.6 and APEX Score from 5.0 to 21.3, while enabling Qwen3.5-27B to achieve highly competitive performance and outperform strong competitors. Our analyses confirm the efficacy of the proposed method and reveal consistent scaling behaviors across both data volume and interaction horizons.
Junze Wang, Lei Fan, Dezheng Zhang, Donglin Di, Yang Song, Sidong Liu, Cong Cong
Test-Time Prompt Tuning (TPT) adapts large pretrained models to unseen target distribution shifts by updating only lightweight prompt tokens. Existing TPT methods are effective, but they mainly optimize each prompt update locally. Across test-time steps, prompts updated at the current step are reused for the corresponding predictions and updates, so noisy or biased unlabeled objectives can accumulate and destabilize the prompt-update trajectory. We identify two failure modes: magnitude expansion, where updates move the prompt too far, and directional drift, where consecutive updates point in inconsistent directions. To analyze and control these failures, we propose Test-Time Prompt-Agnostic Decomposition ($\mathtt{TPD}$), which characterizes observed prompt-update trajectories from a dynamical-systems view and decomposes base prompt updates into magnitude and direction. $\mathtt{TPD}$ computes a spectral radius to measure update expansion and decomposes update directions into persistent, oscillatory, and residual components. Building on this decomposition, Adaptive Koopman Control ($\mathtt{AKC}$) regulates update magnitude by shrinking updates under expansive recent dynamics, while Hankel Update Router ($\mathtt{HUR}$) refines update direction by preserving persistent components and suppressing oscillatory and residual components. Together, $\mathtt{AKC}$ and $\mathtt{HUR}$ produce a stabilized prompt update. As a prompt-agnostic framework, $\mathtt{TPD}$ can be plugged into visual and text TPT methods without modifying the backbone, prompt architecture, or adaptation loss. Experiments on 15 datasets show that $\mathtt{TPD}$ consistently improves 10 baselines, with accuracy gains of $3$--$8\%$ for visual prompts and over $2\%$ for text prompts.
Zheng Zhang, Yifan Wu, Yuxiang Zhou, Qi Liu, Qingyang Mao, Ning Li, Weibo Gao, Qiyuan Shi 等 10 位作者
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated for fairness, yet most existing benchmarks audit one sensitive attribute at a time. This single-attribute paradigm can miss intersectional harms, where multiple attributes interact non-additively and produce failures that are invisible under marginal evaluation. We introduce ComFair, a configurable benchmark that converts existing fairness data into 479,066 controlled Dual- and Multi-attribute instances and pairs every augmented instance with its task-equivalent source. Across Recognition, Selection, Continuation, and Conversation, this pairing supports a unified audit of performance or bias-score shifts, how often added attributes introduce new errors or mask existing ones, and model-ranking stability. Experiments on ten LLMs show task- and subgroup-dependent sensitivity: discriminative tasks expose both transition directions even when aggregate changes are modest, generative tasks exhibit larger and directionally asymmetric shifts, and rankings vary with attribute composition. ComFair therefore provides a scalable controlled sensitivity audit---rather than a model of the natural joint distribution of identities---for testing the robustness of fairness-benchmark conclusions beyond single-attribute settings.
Guangxiang Zhao, Qilong Shi, Xusen Xiao, Xiangzheng Zhang, Tong Yang, Lin Sun
Reasoning LLMs often spend substantial tokens on long intermediate reasoning traces (e.g., chain-of-thought) when solving new problems. We propose to summarize and store reusable reasoning skills distilled from extensive deliberation and trial-and-error exploration, and to retrieve these skills at inference time to guide future reasoning. Unlike the prevailing reasoning from scratch paradigm, our approach first recalls relevant skills for each query, helping the model avoid redundant detours and focus on effective solution paths. We evaluate our method on coding and mathematical reasoning tasks, and find that it significantly reduces reasoning tokens while improving overall performance. The resulting lower per-request cost indicates strong practical and economic potential for real-world deployment.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表
Junbo Niu, Zheng Liu, Zhuangcheng Gu, Bin Wang, Linke Ouyang, Zhiyuan Zhao, Tao Chu, Tianyao He 等 59 位作者
We introduce MinerU2.5, a 1.2B-parameter document parsing vision-language model that achieves state-of-the-art recognition accuracy while maintaining exceptional computational efficiency. Our approach employs a coarse-to-fine, two-stage parsing strategy that decouples global layout analysis from local content recognition. In the first stage, the model performs efficient layout analysis on downsampled images to identify structural elements, circumventing the computational overhead of processing high-resolution inputs. In the second stage, guided by the global layout, it performs targeted content recognition on native-resolution crops extracted from the original image, preserving fine-grained details in dense text, complex formulas, and tables. To support this strategy, we developed a comprehensive data engine that generates diverse, large-scale training corpora for both pretraining and fine-tuning. Ultimately, MinerU2.5 demonstrates strong document parsing ability, achieving state-of-the-art performance on multiple benchmarks, surpassing both general-purpose and domain-specific models across various recognition tasks, while maintaining significantly lower computational overhead.
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cs.CL · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表
Industrial Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems depend on optical character recognition (OCR) to transform visual documents into text. Existing OCR benchmarks rely on character-level metrics, which inadequately measure downstream RAG effectiveness under real-world conditions. We introduce an OCR benchmark for industrial RAG systems covering 11 challenging document types, including extreme layouts, high-resolution pages, complex or watermarked backgrounds, historical documents with non-standard reading orders, visually decorated text, and documents containing tables and mathematical formulas. Evaluating recent SOTA OCR models under a controlled OCR-first RAG pipeline shows clear performance degradation on realistic industrial documents despite strong conventional benchmark scores. We find that high OCR accuracy does not necessarily translate into strong downstream RAG performance: structural and semantic errors can cause substantial retrieval failures even when WER/CER remains low. Further analysis shows that this mismatch is category-dependent, arises through both retrieval-side and downstream generation-side failures, and remains stable across representative OCR-first pipeline choices. The benchmark is publicly available at https://github.com/Qihoo360/InduOCRBench.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 6: Industry Track) · 2026 · 正式发表
Reinforcement Learning (RL) in real-world environments often suffers from ambiguous or incomplete reward supervision, which undermines policy stability and generalization. Such noise may cause models to ignore key information or even collapse in advantage estimation. We find that a strong value model is essential for absorbing unstable signals and producing reliable advantages, offering denser and more robust supervision than the reward model. To better optimize noisy supervision, we propose VRPO, a framework that enhances value modeling for robust RL in LLM post-training. VRPO integrates (1) auxiliary losses guided by entropy and perplexity from a frozen language model, and (2) a variational information bottleneck, enabling the value model to filter noise and capture key words. This design allows the value model to correct noise rewards and generate more reliable advantage estimates, transforming it from a passive predictor into an active noise regulator. Experiments on multi-turn dialogue, math reasoning, and science QA with both rule-based and model-based rewards show that VRPO consistently outperforms baselines such as PPO and GRPO. Our work highlight the central role of the value model in Robust RL and provide a principled and practical approach to policy optimization under noisy supervision.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zhewen Tan, Wenhan Yu, Jianfeng Si, Tongxin Liu, Kaiqi Guan, Huiyan Jin Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, Jiawen Tao, Xiaokun Yuan 等 12 位作者
In recent years, safety risks associated with large language models have become increasingly prominent, highlighting the urgent need to mitigate the generation of toxic and harmful content. The mainstream paradigm for LLM safety alignment typically adopts a collaborative framework involving three roles: an attacker for adversarial prompt generation, a defender for safety defense, and an evaluator for response assessment. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop reinforcement learning framework called TriPlay-RL that enables iterative and co-improving collaboration among three roles with near-zero manual annotation. Experimental results show that the attacker preserves high output diversity while achieving a 20%–50% improvement in adversarial effectiveness. The defender attains 10%–30% gains in safety performance without degrading general reasoning capability, and the evaluator continuously refines its fine-grained judgment ability through iterations, accurately distinguishing unsafe responses, simple refusals, and useful guidance. Overall, our framework establishes an efficient and scalable paradigm for LLM safety alignment, enabling continuous co-evolution within a unified learning loop. The code is available at https://github.com/Qihoo360/TriPlay-RL.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Ning Li, Zheng Zhang, Zhenya Huang University of Science and Technology of China, Rui Li, Yi Zhan, Yinbo Luo, Qi Liu University of Science and Technology of China, Enhong Chen University of Science and Technology of China
The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has driven the deployment of LLM-based AI tutors on online learning platforms. This widespread adoption highlights an urgent need for systematic benchmarks to evaluate their tutoring capabilities. However, existing evaluations predominantly focus on isolated, short-term interactions, overlooking the inherently long-term nature of learning. To bridge this gap, we introduce LongTutor, a benchmark for long-term personalized tutoring grounded in formative assessment theory. Built from expert-annotated real-world learning logs, LongTutor evaluates LLMs across three progressive tasks: historical evidence acquisition, knowledge state diagnosis, and adaptive teaching action. Our experiments reveal a critical capability mismatch: while LLMs excel at evidence acquisition, they struggle to effectively leverage long-term history for accurate diagnosis and adaptive teaching. To enable scalable benchmark expansion, we further propose an automated generator–verifier pipeline, paving the way toward truly long-term AI tutoring systems.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zheng Zhang, Qi Liu University of Science and Technology of China, Siyuan Liang Nanyang Technological University, Ning Li, Zirui Hu Nanyang Technological University, Weibo Gao University of Science and Technology of China, Rui Li, Zhenya Huang University of Science and Technology of China 等 11 位作者
Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across diverse tasks, largely driven by large-scale pretraining. However, this data abundance introduces test data contamination, where benchmark datasets overlap with pretraining corpora, undermining the reliability of model evaluation by confounding memorization with genuine generalization. To mitigate this issue, existing training data detectors attempt to identify clean (unseen) samples from contaminated test sets, but often suffer from residual contamination due to the black-box nature of LLMs. As a result, contaminated data may be mistakenly retained, leading to unreliable evaluation.To address this challenge, we propose FTD (FDR-controlled Training Data detection), a principled framework that detects and filters contaminated evaluation data while providing a statistical guarantee: the proportion of contaminated samples mistakenly retained as clean, the false discovery rate (FDR), is provably controlled below a user-specified threshold. FTD combines multiple complementary detectors via an adaptive weighting strategy, and we theoretically show it achieves high statistical power under valid FDR control. Extensive experiments on real-world benchmarks demonstrate that FTD significantly reduces residual contamination compared to existing methods while preserving evaluation consistency.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Zhenpeng Su, Leiyu Pan Tianjin University, Minxuan Lv, Yuntao Li, Wenping Hu, Fuzheng Zhang, Kun Gai Kuaishou- 快手科技, Guorui Zhou Kuaishou- 快手科技
Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful paradigm for optimizing large language models (LLMs) to handle complex reasoning tasks. A core challenge in this process lies in managing policy entropy, which reflects the balance between exploration and exploitation during training. Existing methods, such as proximal policy optimization (PPO) and its variants, discard valuable gradient signals from low-probability tokens due to the clipping mechanism. We systematically analyze the entropy dynamics and reveal that these clipped tokens play a critical yet overlooked role in regulating entropy evolution. We propose Coordinating Entropy via Gradient-Preserving Policy Optimization (CE-GPPO), a novel algorithm that reintroduces gradients from clipped tokens in native PPO in a gentle and bounded manner. By controlling the magnitude of gradients from tokens outside the clipping interval, CE-GPPO is able to achieve an exploration-exploitation trade-off. We provide theoretical justification and empirical evidence showing that CE-GPPO effectively mitigates entropy instability. Extensive experiments on mathematical reasoning benchmarks show that CE-GPPO consistently outperforms strong baselines across different model scales.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Reward models (RMs) are the surrogate objectives in reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), and their scores directly steer policy optimization. We show that standard RM training is vulnerable in data subsets where response quality depends only weakly on the context: such instances encourage the RM to ignore the context, leading to context neglect and degraded accuracy. To address this failure mode, we propose Distribution-Aware Reward Modeling (DARM), which augments the RM objective with a conditional mutual information regularizer that maximizes context and the predicted reward conditioned on the response. By explicitly preserving the sensitivity of reward signals to the prompting context, DARM reduces over-reliance on response-only features and improves robustness to contextual variation. Extensive experiments across in-distribution and out-of-distribution settings show that DARM trained RMs deliver more accurate and consistent scoring than strong baselines. We further evaluate its downstream impact in RLHF, where DARM produce better aligned policies. We also demonstrate the necessity of each DARM design component and the impact of key parameters on performance through ablation experiments.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Language agents, i.e., LLM agents, progress rapidly and are increasingly deployed in production environments. This trend underscores the urgent need for rigorous and realistic evaluations. However, most existing benchmarks evaluate agents in simplified, idealized settings. They typically rely on pre-packaged tool interfaces, overlook critical steps, and assume inputs are clean and fully specified. Consequently, they understate the difficulty of real deployments, where uncertainty and noise are ubiquitous and agents must proactively explore the environment to uncover new tools. To bridge this gap, we present AgentGym2, a new evaluation framework with task instances grounded in real-world end-to-end working demands. Beyond reasoning and planning, it measures agents’ ability to execute end-to-end procedures, discover tools via exploration, compose tools for unseen tasks, and remain robust to noisy and underspecified information. Experiments on 15 proprietary and open-source models show that even SOTA systems like Gemini and GPT-5 struggle on AgentGym2, revealing a substantial gap between the capability of current agents and the demands of real-world applications.
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cs.CL
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which can elicit harmful responses from MLLMs. Many MLLMs support multi-image inputs, inadvertently introducing new vulnerabilities due to less efforts on multi-image safety alignment. Previous MLLM jailbreak methods only uses a single image, which restricts the attack space: they cannot distribute harmful requests across multiple images, carry abundant information, or exploit additional visual reasoning tasks to distract MLLMs. To address these limitations, in this paper, we propose a compositional jailbreak framework, \textbf{DMN}, which leverages \textbf{D}istributed instruction, \textbf{M}ultimodal evidence and a \textbf{N}umber chain task to fully enhance the jailbreak performance. Extensive experiments show that DMN is highly effective for MLLM jailbreaking, e.g. achieving attack success rates of over 90% on GPT-4o, Gemini-2.5-pro and Claude Sonnet 4, surpassing other baselines by a large margin. This compositional, multi-image jailbreak strategy reveals fundamental weaknesses in their safety mechanisms.
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cs.CL · cs.CV
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表
Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows
Ze Liu, Yutong Lin, Yue Cao, Han Hu, Yixuan Wei, Zheng Zhang, Stephen Lin, Baining Guo
AI 速览：提出一种以移位窗口计算表示的层次化视觉Transformer，可作为通用视觉骨干网络，并在分类、检测和分割任务上取得作者报告的良好结果。
This paper presents a new vision Transformer, called Swin Transformer, that capably serves as a general-purpose backbone for computer vision. Challenges in adapting Transformer from language to vision arise from differences between the two domains, such as large variations in the scale of visual entities and the high resolution of pixels in images compared to words in text. To address these differences, we propose a hierarchical Transformer whose representation is computed with \textbf{S}hifted \textbf{win}dows. The shifted windowing scheme brings greater efficiency by limiting self-attention computation to non-overlapping local windows while also allowing for cross-window connection. This hierarchical architecture has the flexibility to model at various scales and has linear computational complexity with respect to image size. These qualities of Swin Transformer make it compatible with a broad range of vision tasks, including image classification (87.3 top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K) and dense prediction tasks such as object detection (58.7 box AP and 51.1 mask AP on COCO test-dev) and semantic segmentation (53.5 mIoU on ADE20K val). Its performance surpasses the previous state-of-the-art by a large margin of +2.7 box AP and +2.6 mask AP on COCO, and +3.2 mIoU on ADE20K, demonstrating the potential of Transformer-based models as vision backbones. The hierarchical design and the shifted window approach also prove beneficial for all-MLP architectures. The code and models are publicly available at~\url{https://github.com/microsoft/Swin-Transformer}.