M^3-VQA: A Benchmark for Multimodal, Multi-Entity, Multi-Hop Visual Question Answering
Jiatong Ma Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Longteng Guo Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuchen Liu, Zijia Zhao, Dongze Hao, Xuanxu Lin Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jing Liu Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science
We present M^3-VQA, a novel knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (VQA) benchmark, to enhance the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in fine-grained multimodal entity understanding and complex multi-hop reasoning. Unlike existing VQA datasets that focus on coarse-grained categories and simple reasoning over single entities, M^3-VQA introduces diverse multi-entity questions involving multiple distinct entities from both visual and textual sources. It requires models to perform both sequential and parallel multi-hop reasoning across multiple documents, supported by traceable, detailed evidence and a curated multimodal knowledge base. We evaluate 16 leading MLLMs under three settings: without external knowledge, with gold evidence, and with retrieval-augmented input. The poor results reveal significant challenges for MLLMs in knowledge acquisition and reasoning. Models perform poorly without external information but improve markedly when provided with precise evidence. Furthermore, reasoning-aware agentic retrieval surpasses heuristic methods, highlighting the importance of structured reasoning for complex multimodal understanding. M^3-VQA presents a more challenging evaluation for advancing the multimodal reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. Our code and dataset are available at https://github.com/CASIA-IVA-Lab/M3VQA.
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Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2026 · 正式发表