论文库

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence is driving demand for new data centers at large scale and on short deployment timelines. To power them, firms connect to the commercial grid or contract generation directly, but interconnection and gas-turbine delays now incentivize on-site generation. We compare grid-connected and off-grid data center energy infrastructure (AC- and DC-coupled solar-plus-storage, islanded natural gas, and grid interconnection) across the continental U.S. Using an open-source technoeconomic framework built on empirically calibrated AI training loads, climate-driven cooling, stage-by-stage power conversion, and physics-based battery degradation, we model designs providing equivalent energy services. Our central contribution is a speed-adjusted cost of energy that values the compute unlocked by faster construction, making options with different deployment timelines directly comparable on one physically consistent basis. We find DC coupling reduces lifetime energy costs by 18% ($0.09/ kWh) on average versus AC counterparts by eliminating inverters and improving efficiency. Though rarely cheapest on unadjusted energy cost, DC-coupled microgrids' faster deployment makes them the lowest-cost modeled option in 85% of U.S. locations once foregone compute is valued, or 55% under accelerated natural gas timelines. For AI infrastructure, deployment speed rather than unit energy cost determines the economically preferred path to power.