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原文摘要

Brain networks exhibit modular organization, where community structures vary substantially across individuals and diseases. Understanding these individual differences is crucial for advancing both basic neuroscience research and precision medicine. However, widely used predefined group-level brain atlases often overlook this heterogeneity. While individualized functional parcellations capture subject-specific variability in community boundaries, they often require lengthy scan times to achieve fine-grained resolution and complicate cross-subject comparisons. To address this trade-off and investigate how individualized community organization captures disease-associated changes across individuals, we propose IC-GNN, an atlas-anchored model that forms distinct, individualized functional communities directly over atlas-defined brain regions. IC-GNN derives discrete, individualized multiscale communities from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, refines community-guided connections, and adapts shared regional weights to each subject's community context to enable both individualized modeling and group-level comparisons. Across more than 30,000 participants from ABIDE (autism spectrum disorder), ADNI (Alzheimer's disease), and the UK Biobank (depression), IC-GNN achieves the highest performance compared with 15 baseline methods. We further demonstrate that these individualized communities are reproducible within scans and across sessions, and carry predictive power on their own. Furthermore, IC-GNN identifies disease-related shifts in community organization that align with established literature, highlighting a promising approach for modeling individualized community structure for disease prediction and biomarker discovery.