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原文摘要

Listeners can judge an agent's speech on how human it sounds (human-likeness) and on how much they would want to talk to it (conversational preference). Listening tests rarely ask about conversational preference, so the relation between the two judgments is unclear. We compared them in paired-choice tests on 120 turns that actors improvised as customer-service representatives. On each trial, two agents spoke the same turn. In Study 1, both agents came from six commercial text-to-speech systems, each with eight voices. In Study 2, one was the actor's original recording and the other a system. Some systems ranked higher on human-likeness, and others on conversational preference. Listeners chose systems over actors in 19% of human-likeness trials but 36% of conversational preference trials (and 49% for the most preferred system). On both judgments, variation among a system's voices was about three-quarters of that between systems. Of three automatic naturalness scores, two predicted lower human-likeness, and none predicted conversational preference. In this setting, listeners tended to favor faster speech and fewer pauses between clauses on both judgments, and more pitch variation for conversational preference. Thus, measuring only human-likeness or testing one voice per system can misjudge which agents listeners would rather talk to.