Kostka numbers, the coefficients of Schur polynomials, count semistandard Young tableaux of prescribed shape and weight. We give a deterministic algorithm for approximating Kostka numbers within a simply exponential factor in the number of variables and the size of the partition. Our approach combines Gurvits capacity bounds for log-concave polynomials with an algorithm for approximating the Gurvits capacity of a Schur polynomial. For a Schur polynomial in $n$ variables indexed by $λ$, we show that the logarithm of the capacity associated with any nonzero coefficient can be approximated to additive error $ε$ in time polynomial in $n$, $|λ|$, and $\log(1/ε)$. The analysis establishes an explicit bounded optimization region and efficient approximate first-order oracles, and handles boundary weights through a factorization into smaller Schur polynomials.
Let $μ$ be a probability distribution on a spin system with $n$ sites and possibly infinite spin spaces. We prove local-to-global spectral-gap bounds for block Glauber dynamics. Given a symmetric, entrywise nonnegative matrix $A$ with zero diagonal and $λ_{\max}(A)<1$ encoding local spectral bounds for a spin system, we derive global spectral-gap bounds for block dynamics on its marginal distributions. These bounds are sharp: the Gaussian system with covariance $(I-A)^{-1}$ attains equality for every choice of disjoint blocks. Our proof extends the Bochner method through an abstract inequality for orthogonal projections on Hilbert spaces. As an application, we prove that Glauber dynamics for the $O(N)$ model, with $N\geq 2$, arbitrary external fields, and couplings of either sign, has spectral gap at least $(1-\|J_{\mathrm{abs}}\|_{\mathrm{op}}/N)/n$, where $J$ is the interaction matrix and $J_{\mathrm{abs}}=(|J_{ij}|)$. We also obtain spectral bounds for swap walks and local spectral expansion of partite simplicial complexes. For complexes formed from disjoint groups of ranks in random flags of subspaces over $\mathbb F_q$, we obtain a one-sided local spectral expansion bound of $2\sqrt q/(q+1)$. This bound is independent of the number and sizes of each group, and is nontrivial for every prime power $q$. Finally, for random forests $F$ of any finite graph with arbitrary positive edge weights, we prove that \[ \Pr(e,f\in F)\le \frac{4}{3} \Pr(e\in F)\Pr(f\in F) \] for distinct edges $e,f$, improving the factor 2 supplied by general log-concavity bounds for matroid independent sets. The argument combines our extended Bochner method with the analysis of an auxiliary real stable polynomial.