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原文摘要

The past decade has seen an explosion of large-scale geospatial products derived from Earth observation (EO) data using machine learning (ML). Driven by expanding model capacity and compute availability, the domain has reached a level of operational maturity where practitioners can generate high-resolution global products spanning thematic areas as diverse as human settlement, vegetation structure, and natural hazards. Deep learning has expanded the paradigm beyond locally calibrated models toward singular, globally applicable models trained on heterogeneous data, attracting a broad and growing community of practitioners from both the EO and ML sides. Yet, the resulting workflow introduces challenges that fall between established EO practice and mainstream ML: every stage presents tightly coupled technical challenges that recur across applications, and much of the practical knowledge needed to navigate them remains siloed within individual application domains. This guide brings together map-makers across the EO and ML communities, distilling their common practices, recurring pitfalls, and recommended approaches into a single end-to-end account, from raw satellite data to a published map product. Crucially, it treats the pipeline as an integrated workflow rather than a sequence of independent steps. We focus on wall-to-wall raster maps at moderate resolution (10-30m) and continental to global extent, produced with ML from open satellite archives, mainly Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat. The article is written for a deliberately broad audience, from those just entering the EO domain to ML experts building ML-ready EO datasets or generating large-scale maps.