arXiv:2509.24058 · v2
On The Variability of Concept Activation Vectors
摘要
One of the most pressing challenges in artificial intelligence is to make models more transparent to their users. Recently, explainable artificial intelligence has come up with numerous methods to tackle this challenge. A promising avenue is to use concept-based explanations, that is, high-level concepts instead of plain feature importance scores. Among this class of methods, Concept Activation Vectors (CAVs, Kim et al., 2018) stand out as one of the main protagonists. One interesting aspect of CAVs is that their computation requires sampling random examples from the train set. Therefore, the actual vectors obtained may vary depending on the randomness of this sampling. In this paper, we propose a fine-grained theoretical analysis of CAV construction in order to quantify their variability. Our results, confirmed by experiments on several real-life datasets of four different modalities, point to an universal result: the variance of CAVs declines roughly as $1/N$, where $N$ is the number of random examples. Based on this, we give practical recommendations for a resource-efficient application of the method.
作者备注：55 pages (9 main text + appendix), 73 figures. Accepted to ICML 2026
期刊信息：Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 306:134801-134855, 2026