arXiv:2610.37804 · v1

New Election, Same Old Story: How Tropes Form a Grammar of Election Rumors

首次提交 2026-10-28 02:24

版本更新 2026-10-28 02:24

雷达观测 2026-10-30 10:23

摘要

Recent elections in the United States have seen online rumors become a regular feature of election discourse as voters and election officials work to navigate a sea of digitally spread claims and propaganda. For the uninitiated, these rumors can feel overwhelming and random, sowing doubt about the integrity and legitimacy of recent elections. In this paper, we reviewed and qualitatively coded a large dataset of 590 election rumors collected during the the 2020 and 2022 national elections. We found that there are tropes that recur time and time again in election rumors, highlighting how these rumors are not as random as they may first appear. We make two primary contributions in this work: first, we introduce a hierarchical framework that structures observed tropes in three tiers (Meta-category, Meso-trope, and Micro-trope). Second, combining the framework with our coded data, we identify a visible grammar of election rumors, highlighting how in the majority of cases a rumor contains an Actor, and Object, and an Action, with optional grammatical components of Suggested Remedies and Scene & Setting. The framework and grammar can be used by other researchers to act as the underlying information architecture of analyses examining similar rumors, enabling the rapid identification, analysis, and prediction of election rumors.