When Robots Outweigh Objects: How Inertia Mismatch Shapes Robot Policy Learning

摘要变化

Conventional robot arms can be extremely heavy compared with the everyday objects they manipulate, creating a significant inertia mismatch at contact. Even a small accidental bump from a heavy arm can knock a light object out of place. Modern learning methods have nevertheless demonstrated a wide range of successful manipulation behaviors on these platforms, suggesting that even extreme inertia mismatch can be overcome with sufficient data. However, it remains unclear whether high inertia imposes a hidden cost on learning, potentially worsening scaling with data or lowering the performance ceiling of modern robot learning methods. We investigate this question through controlled simulation experiments that vary robot and object masses. We find that reinforcement learning succeeds across a broad range of mass combinations, while behavior cloning learns more reliable policies when a lighter robot manipulates a heavier object, and more data narrows the resulting gap without closing it. Behavior cloning likewise degrades on a simulated robot arm as itsHeavier motorsrobots reflectrequire more inertia through theirdemonstrations gearing,to evenattain thoughthe itssame weightperformance staysas thelighter samerobots. Finally, because new hardware is rarely an option, we explore ways to lower contactan inertiaexisting onarm's theinertia armat onecontact alreadywith hasexisting hardware, either by choosing a lower-inertia workspace before collecting data or by steering the demonstrator toward lower-inertia solutionsconfigurations ofduring the task. In both simulated cases, the lower-inertia demonstrations are imitated more reliably. Project website: https://younghyopark.me/inertia-mismatch/