← 研踪 PaperTrailarXiv:2611.12027 · v1
An open source Python code for three-dimensional topology optimization in single precision on a consumer GPU
首次提交 2026-11-09 16:04
版本更新 2026-11-09 16:04
雷达观测 2026-11-10 13:18
摘要
Three-dimensional topology optimization solves linear systems with millions of unknowns at every design iteration. Consumer graphics cards run far faster in single than in double precision, and open codes for them mostly address minimum compliance. This educational article presents TOF3D, an open source Python code for density-based topology optimization in single precision on one consumer GPU. It solves four classes of problems: stress constrained minimum compliance, robust minimum compliance against manufacturing errors, compliant mechanisms and bone-like porous infill. The stiffness operator is applied without assembly, and the conjugate gradient method is preconditioned by geometric multigrid. Rounding the element matrix to single precision gave rigid body motions a spurious energy and changed compliances by up to 5.4%. Forming the element products from differences of nodal displacements reduced this error to at no cost in time. Adjoint sensitivities agreed with finite differences to within , and the solutions agreed with Ansys Mechanical APDL to within with the same element. On an RTX 3060 with 12 GB, one design iteration of a cantilever took 0.46 s with 0.5 million elements and 15 s with 33.5 million. On the same card and problem, an open GPU code that applies its operator in double precision took 3.7 and 21 s with 0.5 and 4.2 million elements and ran out of memory on larger meshes. Eight cases fixed in a protocol before the runs took 9 to 35 minutes each with 4.2 to 5.2 million elements.
作者备注：18 pages, 8 figures. Online Resource 1 is available as an ancillary file. Code and data: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24050327. Submitted to Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization
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v1 · 2026-11-09 16:04 · 最新观测版本
An open source Python code for three-dimensional topology optimization in single precision on a consumer GPU
Three-dimensional topology optimization solves linear systems with millions of unknowns at every design iteration. Consumer graphics cards run far faster in single than in double precision, and open codes for them mostly address minimum compliance. This educational article presents TOF3D, an open source Python code for density-based topology optimization in single precision on one consumer GPU. It solves four classes of problems: stress constrained minimum compliance, robust minimum compliance against manufacturing errors, compliant mechanisms and bone-like porous infill. The stiffness operator is applied without assembly, and the conjugate gradient method is preconditioned by geometric multigrid. Rounding the element matrix to single precision gave rigid body motions a spurious energy and changed compliances by up to 5.4%. Forming the element products from differences of nodal displacements reduced this error to at no cost in time. Adjoint sensitivities agreed with finite differences to within , and the solutions agreed with Ansys Mechanical APDL to within with the same element. On an RTX 3060 with 12 GB, one design iteration of a cantilever took 0.46 s with 0.5 million elements and 15 s with 33.5 million. On the same card and problem, an open GPU code that applies its operator in double precision took 3.7 and 21 s with 0.5 and 4.2 million elements and ran out of memory on larger meshes. Eight cases fixed in a protocol before the runs took 9 to 35 minutes each with 4.2 to 5.2 million elements.
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