arXiv:2611.12313 · v1

Hidden Distances: How Likert-Scale Spacing Shapes Algorithmic Voting Advice

首次提交 2026-11-09 20:36

版本更新 2026-11-09 20:36

雷达观测 2026-11-10 15:22

摘要

Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) are algorithmic recommenders that match voters with political candidates on policy preferences. They are widely adopted across many multi-party democracies; in Denmark, 62\% of eligible voters used a VAA ahead of the 2022 general election, and 45\% of VAA users reported following its advice. VAAs typically ask voters and candidates to respond to policy statements on a Likert scale, from ``strongly disagree'' to ``strongly agree'', and recommend candidates whose responses are closest to the voter's. Computing these distances requires assigning numbers to response options, a design choice without an empirical basis, since it is unknown how people perceive the distances between options. Here we show that this seemingly technical choice substantially changes whom voters are matched with. We parameterize the distance between ``(dis)agree'' and ``strongly (dis)agree'' relative to the distance between ``neutral'' and ``(dis)agree'' as $α$, and quantify how it changes recommendations for a popular Danish VAA. We find that moving from equidistant options to doubling this distance can change $37.7\%$ of top candidate matches and $21.9\%$ of top party matches, although no answers change. Low $α$-values favor candidates with strong positions, with some parties receiving up to $19.6\%$ more recommendations, while high $α$-values favor moderates. Similarly, female candidates receive fewer recommendations at low $α$ and more at high $α$-values. Our findings demonstrate that undisclosed quantification choices in algorithmic recommenders can carry considerable electoral consequences, and they call for transparency and sensitivity analysis in VAA design. As Likert-based matching also underpins dating platforms and roommate allocation systems, these implications extend well beyond elections.

作者备注：18 pages, 6 figures