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新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10429

Applied bifidelity material response model construction and uncertainty quantification with a sampling hypernetwork

Reese E. Jones, Cosmin Safta, Dan Bolintineau, Craig M. Hamel, Gianluca Geraci, Sharlotte LB Kramer

原文摘要

Multifidelity modeling offers a practical route to accurate prediction and uncertainty quantification when high-fidelity data are scarce but lower-fidelity data are comparatively abundant. This work develops a bifidelity Langevin sampling hypernetwork framework that constructs probabilistic neu- ral response models by learning a posterior distribution over model parameters rather than a single deterministic fit. The method combines a flexible shared-latent data representation for low- and high-fidelity responses, enabling parameter sharing and transfer learning between the fidelities. We introduce several methodological enhancements to improve the robustness and efficiency of this ap- proach, including stability-promoting drift models, staged and conditional training strategies, adap- tive initialization of Langevin trajectories, and training procedures designed to better exploit corre- lations between fidelity levels. These additions improve convergence behavior, reduce the sampling effort required to obtain representative posterior ensembles, and provide more reliable predictive uncertainty in data-limited regimes. The resulting framework makes more effective use of available multifidelity data while preserving interpretability through the learned posterior structure, yielding improved predictive performance, better uncertainty characterization, and a more stable workflow for constructing uncertainty-aware surrogate models. The method is demonstrated on experimental, high-fidelity simulation and illustrative synthetic data.

cs.LG

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.12938

CRePE: Curved Ray Expectation Positional Encoding for Unified-Camera-Controlled Video Generation

Seonghyun Jin, Youngmin Kim, Sunwoo Park, Jong Chul Ye

原文摘要

Camera-conditioned video generation requires positional encoding that remains reliable under changes in camera motion, lens configuration, and scene structure. However, existing attention-level camera encodings either provide ray-only camera signals or rely on pinhole camera geometry, limiting their applicability to general camera control under the Unified Camera Model, including wide-angle and fisheye lenses. To address this limitation, we propose Curved Ray Expectation Positional Encoding (CRePE). CRePE represents each image token as a depth-aware positional distribution along its source ray, providing a Unified Camera Model-compatible positional encoding that naturally captures the curved-ray geometry of wide-angle and fisheye cameras. CRePE is implemented through a Geometric Attention Adapter added to frozen video DiTs, injecting token-wise scene-distance information into selected attention layers and stabilizing it with pseudo supervision from a monocular geometry foundation model. This design leads to more stable camera control with competitive video quality in camera-conditioned video generation under the Unified Camera Model, and the resulting model transfers zero-shot to real fisheye and diverse pinhole videos. Controlled positional-encoding ablations show improvements over a RayRoPE-style endpoint approximation, demonstrating the effectiveness of curved-ray-aware positional encoding, particularly for non-pinhole cameras. Furthermore, by extending the same positional-encoding pathway to external geometry control through Radial MixForcing, CRePE supports external radial-map control for scene-geometry-conditioned generation and source-video motion transfer beyond camera control. Project page: https://crepe-neurips2026.github.io/; code: https://github.com/jinotter3/CRePE.

cs.CV · cs.AI · cs.LG

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.08616

Breaking the Grid: Distance-Guided Reinforcement Learning in Large Discrete Action Spaces

Heiko Hoppe, Fabian Akkerman, Wouter van Heeswijk, Maximilian Schiffer

原文摘要

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is increasingly applied to large-scale decision-making problems like logistics, scheduling, and recommender systems, but existing algorithms struggle with the curse of dimensionality in such large discrete action spaces. We propose Distance-Guided Reinforcement Learning (DGRL), combining Sampled Dynamic Neighborhoods and Distance-Based Updates to enable efficient RL in problems with up to $10^{36}$ actions. Unlike prior methods, DGRL performs stochastic volumetric exploration and transforms policy optimization into a stable regression task, decoupling gradient variance from action space cardinality. On structured tasks, DGRL provably guarantees local value improvement. DGRL naturally handles action spaces without regular semantic structure and hybrid continuous-discrete action spaces. We demonstrate performance improvements of up to 66% against state-of-the-art benchmarks across regularly and irregularly structured environments, while simultaneously improving convergence speed and computational complexity.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.21699

X-Token: Projection-Guided Cross-Tokenizer Knowledge Distillation

Sharath Turuvekere Sreenivas, Adithyakrishna Venkatesh Hanasoge, Mingyu Yang, Ali Taghibakhshi, Saurav Muralidharan, Ashwath Aithal, Pavlo Molchanov

原文摘要

Cross-tokenizer knowledge distillation allows a student to learn from teachers with incompatible vocabularies while preserving its tokenizer and inference architecture. Existing logit-based methods either supervise only the observed token or match full distributions through strict token partitions and heuristic ranking. We identify two limitations: an uncommon-token failure, where task-critical tokens outside the shared vocabulary are suppressed, and over-conservative matching, where exact string equality discards useful correspondences. We propose X-Token, which addresses both through a sparse projection initialized from tokenizer-level string rules and optionally refined during distillation. P-KL removes the partition and projects the student distribution into the teacher vocabulary; H-KL retains the hybrid loss while relaxing matching through the projection. A token-coverage audit guides the choice between them, and both extend naturally to heterogeneous teachers. Across Llama, OLMo, and Gemma students, X-Token achieves the highest average accuracy in all four teacher-student settings among all evaluated cross-tokenizer methods. Complementary teachers provide a further 1.30-point gain, and both variants are faster than the evaluated cross-tokenizer baselines in matched profiling.

cs.LG · cs.CL

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2603.00963

Stabilizing Policy Optimization via Logits Convexity

Hongzhan Chen, Tao Yang, Yuhua Zhu, Shiping Gao, Xiaojun Quan, Ting Yao

原文摘要

While reinforcement learning (RL) has been central to the recent success of large language models (LLMs), RL optimization is notoriously unstable, especially when compared to supervised fine-tuning (SFT). In this work, we investigate the stability gap between SFT and RL from a gradient-based perspective, and show that the convexity of the SFT loss with respect to model logits plays a key role in enabling stable training. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that this property induces favorable gradient directionality during optimization. In contrast, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), a widely adopted policy gradient algorithm utilizing a clipped surrogate objective, lacks this stabilizing property. Motivated by this observation, we propose Logits Convex Optimization (LCO), a simple yet effective policy optimization framework that aligns the learned policy with an optimal target derived from the original RL objective, thereby emulating the stabilizing effects of logits-level convexity. Extensive experiments across multiple model families show that our LCO framework consistently improves training stability and outperforms conventional RL methods on a broad range of benchmarks.

cs.LG · cs.CL

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.04614

Policy Network Diffusion

Jiate Liu, Deheng Ye

原文摘要

Diffusion models have shown remarkable progress in AI-generated content, including images and videos. In this paper, we explore whether diffusion models can generate the parameters of policy networks in reinforcement learning (RL), and whether the generated policies exhibit generalization capabilities. To achieve this, we propose Diffusion-based Conditional Policy Network Parameter Generation (DPPG), which consists of a Transformer-based autoencoder and a task-conditioned diffusion model. The autoencoder achieves a high compression rate by patchifying network parameters, while the task-conditioned diffusion model generates corresponding parameters conditioned on different environments. Our experiments demonstrate that, with a single unified DPPG model, we can synthesize high-quality policies across a diverse set of tasks from different environment domains, including Classic Control, Atari games, and MuJoCo. Additionally, our method can generate networks with a larger number of parameters compared to previous approaches. Furthermore, we find that in previously unseen environments, DPPG can generate parameters that achieve faster convergence and reach competitive performance, showcasing the potential future applications of parameter generation via diffusion.

cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10408

Sharp Logarithmic-Product Bounds for List Replicability of Sign Matrices

Guangjian Zhang

原文摘要

List replicability measures how many accurate hypotheses suffice to contain the output of a learning rule with arbitrarily high confidence. We prove that every nonempty class of $m$ binary concepts on $n$ domain points has list replicability at most $805\ln(2m)\ln(2n)$. This resolves the logarithmic-product conjecture of Blondal, Hatami, Hatami, Lalov, and Tretiak. Hanner matrices give lower bounds of the same order, for square matrices and for explicit families with unequal logarithmic aspect ratios. The upper bound is obtained by constructing nested acyclic sets in the faces of a cube. A critical-point estimate supplies highly connected regions, weighted cell attachments keep the sets compatible across faces, and a cubical carrier theorem converts them into accurate finite covers and learning rules. Appending one constant coordinate turns list replicability into an exact geometric quantity, the face width, and graph-orientation classes satisfy exact product formulas. In particular, there are explicit classes with list replicability $4k+1$ and equivariant index $3k$, so the additive gap between the two is unbounded. We also develop entropy-tilting and two-sided Gibbs constructions, give combinatorial upper bounds adapted to structured matrices, compute exact values on classical families, and study the index of Paley matrices.

cs.LG · math.CO

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.23892

Good Token Hunting: A Hitchhiker's Guide to Token Selection for Visual Geometry Transformers

Shuhong Zheng, Michael Oechsle, Erik Sandström, Marie-Julie Rakotosaona, Federico Tombari, Igor Gilitschenski

原文摘要

Visual geometry transformers have become powerful architectures for multi-view 3D reconstruction, enabling joint prediction of multiple 3D attributes in a feed-forward manner. However, their computational cost grows quadratically with the input sequence length due to the global attention layers inside these models. This limits both their scalability and efficiency. In this work, we address this challenge with a simple yet general strategy: restricting the number of key/value tokens that each query interacts with during global attention. To achieve effective token selection, we introduce a two-stage framework. First, an inter-frame selection step operates at the frame level to identify frames that should be preserved. Second, an intra-frame selection step further discards more redundant tokens within the selected frames. Our analysis highlights the advantage of a diversity-based strategy for inter-frame selection, which ensures broad coverage of the scene. For intra-frame selection, we show that layer-aware sparsification is necessary, with the selection process guided by the entropy of the global attention pattern. Our approach offers a superior speed-accuracy trade-off compared to existing solutions. Extensive experiments show that it accelerates visual geometry transformers by over 85% for scenes with 500 images while maintaining, or even improving, baseline performance, which hints that how our token selection strategy can play a crucial role in future applications of visual geometry transformers. Our project website is available at https://zsh2000.github.io/good-token-hunting.github.io.

cs.CV · cs.AI · cs.GR · cs.LG · cs.RO

版本更新 · v5arXiv:2509.03738

Mechanistic Interpretability with Sparse Autoencoder Neural Operators

Bahareh Tolooshams, Ailsa Shen, Anima Anandkumar

原文摘要

We introduce sparse autoencoder neural operators (SAE-NOs), a new class of sparse autoencoders that operate in function spaces rather than fixed-dimensional Euclidean representations. We formalize the functional representation hypothesis, where data are explained through sparse compositions of structured functions. Unlike standard SAEs that represent concepts with scalar activations, SAE-NOs parameterize concepts as functions, enabling representations that capture not only a concept's presence, but also how and where it is expressed across the input domain. We achieve this through joint sparsity: concept sparsity selects active concepts, while domain sparsity governs where they are expressed. We instantiate this framework using Fourier neural operators (SAE-FNOs), parameterizing concepts as integral operators in the Fourier domain. This functional and spectral parameterization is particularly advantageous when data exhibit spatial structure across scales or when concepts are frequency-structured. We characterize SAE-FNO on vision data and demonstrate that it learns localized patterns, uses concepts more efficiently, and exhibits stable concept characteristics across sparsity levels. We further show that SAE-FNO adapts to changes in domain size and generalizes across discretizations, operating at resolutions beyond those seen during training, where standard SAEs fail. We also introduce lifting into SAEs and show theoretically and empirically that it acts as a preconditioner that accelerates optimization. Overall, our results show that moving from vector-valued to functional parameterizations, with concept and domain sparsity, extends SAEs from representing concept presence to modeling structured concept expression, highlighting the importance of parameterization.

cs.LG · cs.AI · eess.SP · stat.ML

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.26111

Squeezing Capacity from Multimodal Large Language Models for Subject-driven Generation

Shuhong Zheng, Aashish Kumar Misraa, Yu-Teng Li, Yu-Jhe Li, Igor Gilitschenski

原文摘要

Subject-driven image generation aims to synthesize new images that preserve the identity of the given subject while following textual instructions. Existing approaches often encode text and reference images separately. This limits cross-modal reasoning abilities and causes copy-paste artifacts. Recent frameworks that connect multimodal models and diffusion models improve instruction following, but largely overlook identity preservation. To address these limitations, we condition diffusion models on Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) that jointly encode text and reference images, and augment it with VAE-based identity conditioning. A novel Dual Layer Aggregation (DLA) module is designed to aggregate multi-level MLLM features for optimal conditioning, and a multi-stage denoising strategy is applied to progressively balance the semantic information from MLLM and fine-detail identity from VAE during inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach harmonizes multimodal understanding with identity preservation, mitigates copy-paste issues, and achieves superior performance regarding human preference on subject-driven image generation. Our project website is available at https://zsh2000.github.io/squeeze-mllm-subject-gen/.

cs.CV · cs.AI · cs.GR · cs.LG · cs.MM

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.27788

Knowing When to Ask: Segment-Level Credit Assignment for LLM Tool Use

Abhijit Kumar, Zoey Wu, Mohit Suley

原文摘要

Humans know when to reach for help e.g. $347 \times 28$ warrants a calculator while $2+2$ does not. Language models do not. Prompt-based approaches can instruct a model when to invoke tools, but this scaffolding does not teach it to recognize the boundary of its own knowledge. RL approaches that assign a single outcome reward to the whole trajectory fare no better: trajectory-level credit cannot isolate which tool call in a successful episode actually helped, nor penalize unnecessary calls. We propose CARL (Competence-Aware Reinforcement Learning), which trains a critic on the model's own rollouts to learn where parametric knowledge suffices and where it needs external help. By decomposing each rollout at natural tool-use boundaries (e.g., code fence delimiters and context block transitions), CARL assigns independent credit to each segment from a single binary outcome, without external judges or step-level annotations. As a result, erroneous tool calls, incorrect extractions, and unnecessary calls each receive appropriately signed advantages. The trained critic captures the model's domain competence: it separates parametrically solvable from tool-dependent questions with AUC 0.93 at 7B. On five benchmarks spanning arithmetic, multi-hop factual QA, and numerical reasoning over financial tables, CARL improves average exact-match accuracy on the three search benchmarks by 6.7 points at 7B and 9.6 points at 3B over the best RL baseline, with the largest gain (+8.3 EM at 7B, +12.5 EM at 3B) on MuSiQue. At 7B, CARL has a 53% lower tool-use rate than Search-R1 PPO on parametrically answerable questions while remaining 9.8 EM points more accurate on them. Gains are largest at small scale: the 3B improvement is $1.4\times$ the 7B improvement, suggesting that knowing when to ask disproportionately benefits models with smaller parametric memory.

cs.LG · cs.CL

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10397

Regularization Amplifies Subliminal Learning

Lawrence Feng, Jacob Mitchell Springer, Gaurav R. Ghosal, Ziqian Zhong, Aditi Raghunathan

原文摘要

Recent work has shown that hidden biases can be transferred through data with no apparent semantic relationship to those biases. Can regularization limit this covert influence? By constraining adaptation, regularization might be expected to suppress behavioral changes on seemingly unrelated inputs. We systematically study this hypothesis in subliminal learning, as well as in related settings of covert influence, including phantom transfer and logit-linear selection. We find the opposite: regularization amplifies the transfer of hidden biases. In particular, subliminal learning is typically absent under full fine-tuning, but low-rank adaptation or explicit penalties can induce strong transfer. Phantom transfer and logit-linear selection show similar trends. Adding more data, an implicit form of regularization, also strengthens covert influence. Together, these findings suggest that the simplicity biases induced by regularization may facilitate covert influence. We further hypothesize that the level of regularization that maximizes covert transfer depends on task complexity.

cs.LG

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.41191

When AI Investigators Cannot Trust Their Tools: Conflict-Aware Evidence Verification for Cyber Threat Investigation

Yuchen Zhang

原文摘要

LLM agents increasingly triage security alerts by combining the outputs of several detection tools, implicitly treating those tools as trustworthy. Unlike prior work on conflicts between a model's knowledge and its context, we study conflicts among the tools themselves: what happens when this machine-generated evidence is conflicting or wrong. On the corrected CIC-IDS2017 dataset, four heterogeneous detectors emit labels and confidences that we corrupt under a threat model varying the number of corrupted tools, the persistence of the corruption, and the confidence attached to wrong outputs. Across open-weight LLMs from 3B to 14B parameters, unverified investigators are fragile: one corrupted detector out of four lowers naive accuracy to .50-.72, three lower every unverified investigator to .13 or less, and honest disagreement alone makes them abstain on up to 63% of flows. We propose Conflict-Aware Evidence Verification (CAV), built from established components: an equal-weight vote that ignores reported confidences, an evidence-conflict gate, and an independent nearest-neighbour trust check that tests the leading candidates. With its prompt frozen before testing, CAV-LLM improves on the naive investigator in every corrupted condition ($p < 0.001$), reaching .84-.88 with three corrupted detectors against at most .08, while calling the LLM on 0.4% of clean traffic. A fixed verification rule is as accurate or better unless most tools are corrupted. When we make the independent channel itself noisy, CAV inherits its errors: it stays ahead when two or more tools are corrupted, but adding the channel as an extra voter is better when at most one is. Verification thus moves trust from the tools to the check, which must be measured and protected in turn.

cs.CR · cs.LG

版本更新 · v11arXiv:2208.00335

Interpretable Machine Learning: Can the EnglishLike Programming Language be the Future of ChatIPC and ChatIPCv2?

Caleb Princewill Nwokocha

原文摘要

The development of interpretable machine learning requires more than the ability to produce predictions accompanied by explanations. It requires computational systems whose internal representations, decision procedures, constraints, and execution paths can be inspected, reproduced, and modified by humans. This paper investigates whether EnglishLike, an English-like, object-oriented programming language implemented in C++17, could provide the symbolic programming and execution foundation for the ChatIPC and its subsequent implementation, ChatIPCv2. The investigation is based on a comparative examination of the publicly available ChatIPC.cpp and ChatIPCv2.cpp implementations in the PCNTechnologyEnterprise Hugging Face repository, together with the EnglishLike 2.2 implementation available in the associated project materials. ChatIPC combines incrementally learned token-transition relationships with dictionary derived semantic information, part-of-speech information, Jaccard similarity, grammatical heuristics, repetition penalties, and deterministic candidate selection. ChatIPCv2 introduces a different generation strategy based on token identifiers, historical-context bitsets, multi-depth graph exploration, n-gram backoff, and parallel candidate evaluation. EnglishLike provides a complementary computational abstraction: a structured language for expressing declarations, functions, classes, interfaces, control flow, and executable rules. Its compiler, bytecode verifier, and virtual machine provide a potentially useful foundation for representing and executing symbolic reasoning procedures.

cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10393

Finite Time Analysis of Risk-Sensitive RL via Noisy Power Iteration

Waqar Mirza, Yashaswini Murthy, Laixi Shi, Eric Mazumdar, Adam Wierman

原文摘要

Estimating the principal eigenpair of a positive operator from stochastic evaluations gives rise to a noisy form of normalized power iteration: each step applies a sampled operator estimate and then renormalizes. We establish finite-time stochastic-approximation guarantees for this procedure, working in Hilbert's projective metric, which is well-suited to the multiplicative geometry of Perron--Frobenius eigenproblems. Our main application is risk-sensitive average-cost reinforcement learning (RL) with exponential utility. In this setting the Bellman equations are multiplicative, and value functions are characterized by nonlinear eigenvalue problems rather than additive fixed points. We cast both policy evaluation and control in this framework, obtaining risk-sensitive TD- and Q-learning algorithms that learn from a single Markovian trajectory. Under explicit positivity, mixing, and linear function approximation assumptions, we prove finite-time bounds on the recovered eigenvector and eigenvalue with $\tilde{O}(ε^{-2})$ sample complexity up to problem-dependent constants. The results cover both tabular and linear function approximation regimes, and through the duality between exponential utility and KL-robust control yield finite-time guarantees for KL-robust average-cost RL as well.

cs.LG

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2604.03787

Dimension-Free Sinkhorn for Optimal Transport: Bypassing Extremal Costs

Kun He

原文摘要

The Sinkhorn--Knopp (SK) algorithm is a cornerstone method for matrix scaling and entropically regularized optimal transport (EOT). Despite its empirical efficiency, existing bounds for achieving marginal accuracy $\varepsilon$ deteriorate severely in the presence of extreme entries, bottlenecked either by the global maximum regularized cost $η\|C\|_\infty$ (where $η$ is the regularization parameter and $C$ the cost matrix) or the matrix's minimum-to-maximum entry ratio $ν$. These bounds may be overly sensitive to rare extreme entries that do not dominate the overall matrix structure. We identify a broad structural regime in which the dependence on the magnitude of global extreme entries can be circumvented. For EOT, we introduce well-boundedness, a local mass property that captures the row- and column-wise bulk structure of the underlying matrix while maintaining robustness against scattered entrywise outliers. We prove that, governed by this structural condition, SK converges to the target transport plan for a problem of dimension $n$ in $O(\log n + \log(1/\varepsilon))$ iterations. This complexity bound is independent of the maximum regularized cost $η\|C\|_\infty$. A computationally negligible pre-scaling step eliminates this dimensional dependence, reducing the iteration complexity to a strictly dimension-free $O(\log(1/\varepsilon))$. Beyond EOT, we establish a sharp phase transition for general $(\boldsymbol{u},\boldsymbol{v})$-scaling governed by a critical matrix density threshold. We prove that when a matrix's density exceeds this threshold, the iteration complexity is strictly independent of $ν$. Conversely, when the density falls below this threshold, the dependence on $ν$ becomes unavoidable; in this sub-critical regime, we construct instances where SK requires $Ω(n/\varepsilon)$ iterations.

cs.DS · cs.LG

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2602.12413

Soft Contamination Means Benchmarks Test Shallow Generalization

Ari Spiesberger, Juan J. Vazquez, Nicky Pochinkov, Tomáš Gavenčiak, Peli Grietzer, Gavin Leech, Nandi Schoots

原文摘要

Training on benchmark test items is a classic way to overestimate generalization to unseen problems. Standard decontamination methods miss semantic duplicates (SemDs): training items equivalent in content to a test item, but distant in string space. We call training on such items soft contamination; when the resulting gains extend to held-out items of the same benchmark (but not to related benchmarks), we call the result shallow generalization. We first embed Olmo 3's entire post-training dataset and search it for SemDs of benchmark items; we then finetune Olmo 3 and Qwen models on natural and synthetic semantic duplicates. We find (1) that soft contamination is widespread: the Olmo corpus contains SemDs of 76% of the CodeForces test set and 100% of MBPP's; (2) that finetuning on SemDs of a benchmark raises accuracy on its held-out items by up to 22pp in controlled experiments and 10-11pp at realistic contamination rates, though the effect varies across benchmarks; (3) that the gains from training on SemDs mostly do not transfer to conceptually similar benchmarks, i.e. we find shallow generalization; (4) that finetuning on items with similar embeddings that are not SemDs produces no such gain, indicating that the mechanism is not mere topical similarity; and (5) that at realistic contamination rates, soft contamination can raise held-out performance about as much as exact duplicates (or more). Benchmark gains here are therefore confounded - in a way that standard decontamination does not address.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2604.16423

Shifting the Gradient: Understanding How Defensive Training Methods Protect Language Model Integrity

Satchel Grant, Victor Gillioz, Jake Ward, Thomas McGrath

原文摘要

Defensive training methods such as positive preventative steering (PPS) and inoculation prompting (IP) offer surprising results through seemingly similar processes: both add trait-inducing objects to large language models (LLMs) during training, and both defend the LLM against acquiring the trait. The success of these methods raises the questions: how do they work, and are they doing the same thing? We provide behavioral and mechanistic analyses of PPS and IP, using the acquisition of an ``evil'' persona by Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct as an in-depth case study and replicating key measurements across six traits and four models. Behaviorally, neither method operates through a purely associative mechanism, and both methods prevent trait acquisition; but PPS can also substantially reduce pre-existing trait expression, whereas IP does so only modestly. Mechanistically, PPS induces a concentrated change in the activation gradient and shifts the signal along the trait direction from amplifying to attenuating, whereas IP changes the gradient more diffusely and shifts it close to zero along the trait direction. Gradient manipulations show that the direction of this component is causally relevant to trait acquisition, although it is one effect rather than a complete account of either defense. We then show that IP lowers the next-token prediction loss on trait-expressing data, whereas PPS can raise it at the intensities at which it defends; we show how this analysis raises the possibility that the loss changes and the gradient shift are two summaries of the same training signal rather than completely separate mechanisms. Together, our results show that PPS and IP are not interchangeable, and they highlight open questions about a complete mechanistic picture.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.05214

Disentangled Representation Learning via Flow Matching

Jinjin Chi, Taoping Liu, Mengtao Yin, Ximing Li, Yongcheng Jing, Jialie Shen, Leszek Rutkowski, Dacheng Tao

原文摘要

Disentangled representation learning aims to capture the underlying explanatory factors of observed data, enabling a principled understanding of the data-generating process. Recent advances in generative modeling have introduced new paradigms for learning such representations. However, existing diffusion-based methods encourage factor independence via inductive biases, yet frequently lack strong semantic alignment. In this work, we propose a flow matching-based framework for disentangled representation learning, which casts disentanglement as learning factor-conditioned flows in a compact latent space. To enforce explicit semantic alignment, we introduce a non-overlap (orthogonality) regularizer that suppresses cross-factor interference and reduces information leakage between factors. Extensive experiments across multiple datasets demonstrate consistent improvements over representative baselines, yielding higher disentanglement scores as well as improved controllability and sample fidelity.

cs.LG

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.34045

Minimax Regret for Sobolev Kernel-Based Reinforcement Learning

Haichen Hu, David Simchi-Levi

原文摘要

We study the minimax regret rate for episodic kernel-based reinforcement learning, where the expected reward and transition density belong to a Sobolev reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), with continuous state and action spaces, and adversarial initial states. For Sobolev smoothness parameter $ν>0$, state dimension $d_S$, and action dimension $d_A$, we prove that the minimax expected regret over $T$ episodes is $\widetildeΘ(T^{\max\{e_A,e_B\}})$, where $e_A=\frac{ν+d_A}{2ν+d_A}$, $e_B=\frac{ν+d_A+3d_S/2}{2ν+d_A+2d_S}$ with the other model parameters fixed. The two exponents reflect the distinct difficulties of action selection and learning across states. We introduce Sobolev Optimal Value Iteration (\texttt{SOVI}), which attains this rate from observed rewards and transitions. For fixed smoothness and reference-kernel lengthscale, its regret bound has a prefactor polynomial in the state-action dimension $d=d_S+d_A$, horizon $H$, reward and transition RKHS norm bounds $B_r,B_p$, and the norm-comparison factor $Λ$, up to logarithmic factors; $Λ=1$ for normalized Matérn kernels. The algorithm separates initial action selection from continuation-value estimation and combines local polynomial approximation with the shared RKHS structure of the approximation errors. Our matching upper and lower bounds determine the optimal dependence on the number of episodes for Sobolev kernel-based reinforcement learning regret minimization. Thus, we partially address the open problem in Vakili(2024) under Sobolev kernel RL.

cs.LG · math.ST · stat.ML

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.22100

When the next byte's type is fixed: why entropy patching skips computed values under tight budgets

Nicolás Vera Zúñiga

原文摘要

The Byte Latent Transformer (BLT) runs a large model once per patch and starts patches where a small model's next-byte entropy is high. Under tight budgets this rule skips computed values, such as the number after "= " in math. On BLT-1B at inference we trace the miss to the cue before a value: when the preceding bytes fix the next byte's type, the patcher's entropy is capped near log2 10 bits, close to a 10% budget's threshold. Entropy then starts a patch at 0% of values after a dollar sign and 19% after "= "; writing "is " instead of "= " raises the 19% to 66%. Version 1's two-byte lookup table, motivated by LZ novelty, acts as a learned detector of cues that tend to precede new values in its fitting text: on the solutions rewritten as prose it covers every value after a dollar sign and none after a plain space, and its margin over entropy falls from +42.1 to -8.9 points, partly because prose gives entropy more starts per value. In BLT-style models trained from scratch (1M-50M parameters, 128-byte context, 3 seeds per rule) and scored by teacher-forced exact match on answer spans, the table beats entropy at 50M by 36.8 points on computed results and 29.6 on final answers, which mostly copy the last computed result. A hand-written marker rule is not distinguishable from the table at 1M and 12M; its 50M control was not run. At 1M and 12M the table ran on a T4 GPU in fp16 and the baselines on an A40 in bf16; at 50M all ran on the A40. End to end, no 1M-50M model solves more than 2 of 100 GSM8K problems. A label-free probe of BLT-1B's patcher finds prose values, mostly after a dollar sign, but costs final answers. In six domains, no rule we tested beat entropy on exact match of whole words and numbers in more than one domain. The positive findings concern tight budgets on cue-formatted text. This version corrects version 1; the work is closed, with no venue intended.

cs.CL · cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10389

From Task Affinities to Optimal Allocations: Probabilistic Graphical Modelling for Supervised Finetuning

Prateek Chanda, Saral Sureka, Krishnateja Killamsetty, Ganesh Ramakrishnan

原文摘要

Supervised fine-tuning over a large pool of heterogeneous tasks is often computationally expensive, leading practitioners to train language models on a fixed training budget of carefully chosen SFT tasks. Thus, achieving strong downstream performance hinges on selecting an effective subset of tasks, or equivalently, identifying an optimal task mixture under a fixed budget constraint. In practice, supervised finetuning mixtures are often determined using simple heuristics (e.g., uniform or size-proportional sampling) that ignore task interactions, which can hurt transfer and waste budget on redundant task sources. We introduce TASKMIXPGM, a framework for learning continuous task mixtures through energy-based modelling over SFT tasks. Each task forms a node in a Markov random field, with unary potentials capturing task utility and pairwise potentials modelling inter-task relationships via behavioral divergences between predictive distributions of single-task fine-tuned models. Optimizing this objective yields task mixtures that balance utility, coverage, and redundancy. We further show that the induced set function defined over the set of such tasks is weakly submodular under budget constraints, enabling approximation guarantees for discrete task selection. Empirically, we provide a fixed, benchmark-independent mixture that improves over heuristic mixing across multiple model families and different training budgets. TASKMIXPGM also uncovers interpretable structure in task interactions, revealing complementarities and redundancies that inform effective SFT mixtures.

cs.LG

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10386

Pruning DNA Sequence

Faias Satter, Shaker Islam, Aminul Islam

原文摘要

Data pruning can substantially reduce training cost by removing examples that contribute little additional learning signal, but it has not been studied for DNA language-model pretraining. We introduce Sequence Pruning (SP), a dynamic pruning framework that removes genomic sequences as they become easy for the model to predict. SP uses per-sequence pretraining accuracy computed directly from the model's forward pass, requiring no separate scoring model or additional pass over the corpus. We evaluate SP across five pretraining settings spanning two corpora, three model families, and both MLM and CLM objectives, with downstream evaluation on five genomic benchmarks. SP reduces pretraining data processing by up to 96% while largely preserving downstream performance. At moderate savings, pruning improves performance by up to 1.2 MCC points over full-data pretraining; at the highest savings, pretraining uses only 4% of the baseline GPU hours with little performance loss. SP also outperforms the dynamic pruning methods InfoBatch and BPAS across most comparisons. Beyond accuracy, our framework supports alternative criteria such as perplexity and EL2N, although accuracy yields the strongest downstream performance at matched savings. These results show that genomic pretraining does not require repeatedly processing all available sequences and that dynamic sequence-level pruning can substantially improve its data and computational efficiency. Code is available at https://github.com/FaiasPromit/pruning-dna-sequence.

cs.LG · q-bio.GN

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2601.16906

The Trajectory Alignment Coefficient in Two Acts: From Reward Tuning to Reward Learning

Calarina Muslimani, Yunshu Du, Kenta Kawamoto, Kaushik Subramanian, Peter Stone, Peter Wurman

原文摘要

The success of RL is fundamentally tied to having a reward function that accurately reflects the task objective. Yet, designing reward functions is time-consuming and prone to misspecification. To address this, our first goal is to understand how to support RL practitioners in specifying reward functions. We leverage the Trajectory Alignment Coefficient (TAC), a metric that evaluates how closely a reward function's induced preferences match those of a domain expert. To test whether TAC provides meaningful support, we evaluated its impact in a user study where practitioners designed reward functions for Lunar Lander. We found that iterative TAC feedback allowed participants to design more performant reward functions while reporting lower cognitive workload than unguided reward design. However, the study also underscored that manual reward design, even with TAC, remains labor-intensive. This motivated our second goal: to learn a reward model that maximizes TAC directly. Specifically, we propose Soft-TAC, a differentiable approximation of TAC that can be used as a loss function to train reward models from human preferences. Our theoretical analysis guarantees that under Soft-TAC optimization: (1) the optimal reward function belongs exclusively to the set of human-aligned reward functions, and (2) this optimal reward remains invariant whether trained on clean or noisy preference data. Empirically, we first evaluate reward models trained with Soft-TAC across three robotic tasks, demonstrating that they consistently match or outperform those trained with the Cross-Entropy loss. Next, we evaluate Soft-TAC in the GT7 driving simulator, and find that Soft-TAC-trained reward models more successfully capture preference-specific driving styles. Ultimately, this work demonstrates that TAC can serve as both a practical tool for guiding reward design and a reward learning objective in complex domains.

cs.LG · cs.HC

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10385

A Topological Encoder Decoder Framework for Temporal Graph Learning

Ronan Buck, Kiarash Shamsi, Tran Gia Bao Ngo, Astrit Tola, Baris Coskunuzer, Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

原文摘要

Most temporal graph learning methods reduce future prediction to discriminative inference over past interactions, focusing on edges or node labels for a largely persistent set of nodes. This view breaks down when new nodes and edges appear, since the future graph becomes a new object with changing size, composition, and structure. We address this gap by framing temporal graph prediction as an inverse topology problem. Instead of predicting edges directly, we first predict a multiscale topological descriptor of the future graph and then reconstruct a plausible future snapshot that realizes this descriptor under inductive constraints. This approach makes global structure and node churn explicit prediction targets and produces forecasted graphs that downstream tasks can evaluate without retraining. Across 14 temporal graph datasets, we evaluate our method, TOPOGED, on node, link, and graph property prediction and compare it against state-of-the-art temporal graph models. TOPOGED significantly improves node-level forecasting accuracy over the strongest baseline, with a macro average of 0.49 versus 0.05. It also outperforms baselines in 60% of graph-structure metric evaluations and substantially increases macro-average edge prediction metrics, from near-zero to 0.12. Our results show that topology-guided graph forecasting can predict inductive future snapshots whose structure supports multiple downstream evaluations.

cs.AI · cs.LG

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2605.13230

Teacher-Guided Policy Optimization for On-Policy Reasoning Distillation under Large Policy Divergence

Xinyu Liu, Kechen Jiao, Chunyang Xiao, Runsong Zhao, Junhao Ruan, Bei Li, Jiahao Liu, Qifan Wang 等 13 位作者

原文摘要

On-policy distillation (OPD) has become a promising paradigm for reasoning-oriented post-training of large language models (LLMs), especially when combined with reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR). Existing OPD methods rely on reverse KL (RKL)-based teacher supervision over trajectories sampled from the student policy. However, we identify a critical limitation: under large teacher--student policy divergence, RL-driven exploration often produces trajectories outside the teacher distribution, resulting in uninformative negative feedback. To address this, we propose Teacher-Guided Policy Optimization (TGPO), an on-policy reasoning distillation method that remains effective under large policy divergence settings. Rather than relying solely on evaluative supervision, TGPO uses teacher to directly guide token level generation conditioning on student-generated contexts; together with RLVR-style trajectory level rewards, TGPO steers exploration toward improved continuations. Experiments on reasoning benchmarks show that TGPO consistently outperforms existing RKL-based OPD methods and remains robust across different teacher models.

cs.LG · cs.AI

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2611.04072

Finite-Sample Convergence in Networked Average Reward MARL: Decentralization Pitfalls and Entropy Remedies

Yizhou Zhang, Yashaswini Murthy, Laixi Shi, Adam Wierman

原文摘要

We study the problem of average reward Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) where agents interact within a network. Each agent in the network conducts local updates with information within its $k$-hop neighborhood and collaboratively maximizes the overall reward of the entire network. We first provide impossibility results in achieving convergence to the global optimal joint policies in our setting. These impossibility results highlight the challenges of decentralized learning with local information in multi-agent systems, namely the issues of multiagency, where each agent independently optimizes its policy, and partial observability, where agents have limited visibility into the global state. Given these challenges which indicate that decentralized policy optimization can generally be certified only up to stationarity, we provide finite-sample convergence guarantees for a decentralized actor-critic algorithm with linear function approximation that converges to an approximate stationary point with small gradient norm. To overcome such impossibility results, we further show that adding fixed-state entropy regularization reshapes the objective landscape which leads to even stronger global convergence guarantees for our proposed actor-critic algorithm.

cs.LG · cs.MA

新论文 · v1arXiv:2611.10376

PhysDNet: Physics-Driven Gradient Amplification for Real-Time Image Dehazing

Rayen Dhahri, Lei Sun, Victor Javier Kartsch Morinigo, Alice Pagnoux, Luca Benini, Danda Pani Paudel, Luc Van Gool

原文摘要

Modern dehazing networks are often computationally expensive and overfit to synthetic haze, limiting real-time deployment. This underscores an urgent demand for efficient, high-fidelity restoration methods that can operate on resource-constrained edge devices in practical, dynamic environments. We introduce PhysDNet, a lightweight multimodal architecture that fuses NIR imagery with sparse LiDAR depth and is trained with a physics-constrained dual-head objective. Differentiating through a fixed Koschmieder inversion induces density-adaptive gradient amplification, acting as an implicit resource allocation mechanism that concentrates learning on heavily degraded regions without increasing inference cost. PhysDNet delivers superior restoration with minimal capacity and enhanced training efficiency, facilitating real-time deployment on edge devices without increasing inference overhead. On the Seeing Through Fog benchmark, PhysDNet outperforms competitors by 1.67 dB at 5.2 times lower compute while recovering 54.9% of fog-induced detection loss. Ablations and cross-domain evaluations show that physics-guided training improves generalization, including under non-homogeneous haze that violates the Koschmieder assumption. PhysDNet further demonstrates compatibility with fixed-function NPUs, running at 29/45/99 FPS at <4 W across L/M/S variants. Code, deployment scripts and pre-trained checkpoints are available at https://github.com/Heatdh/PhysDnet.

cs.CV · cs.LG

版本更新 · v3arXiv:2602.04042

Partition Tree: Conditional Density Estimation over General Outcome Spaces

Felipe Angelim, Alessandro Leite

原文摘要

We propose Partition Tree, a tree-based framework for conditional density estimation over general outcome spaces that supports both continuous and categorical variables within a unified formulation. Our approach models conditional distributions as piecewise-constant densities on data-adaptive partitions and learns trees by greedily minimizing a surrogate for conditional log-loss. This yields a scalable alternative to existing probabilistic trees that does not make parametric assumptions about the target distribution. We further introduce Partition Forest, an ensemble extension obtained by averaging conditional densities. Empirically, we demonstrate improved probabilistic prediction over CART-style trees and competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art probabilistic tree methods and Random Forests.

cs.LG · stat.ME · stat.ML

版本更新 · v2arXiv:2605.04266

Explaining and Preventing Alignment Collapse in Iterative RLHF

Etienne Gauthier, Francis Bach, Michael I. Jordan

原文摘要

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) typically assumes a static or non-strategic reward model (RM). In iterative deployment, however, the policy generates the data on which the RM is retrained, creating a feedback loop. Building on the Stackelberg game formulation of this interaction, we derive an analytical decomposition of the policy's true optimization gradient into a standard policy gradient and a parameter-steering term that captures the policy's influence on the RM's future parameters. We show that standard iterative RLHF, which drops this steering term entirely, suffers from alignment collapse: the policy systematically exploits the RM's blind spots, producing low-quality, high-reward outputs whose feedback reinforces the very errors it exploits. To mitigate this, we propose foresighted policy optimization (FPO), a mechanism-design intervention that restores the missing steering term by regularizing the policy's parameter-steering effect on RM updates. We instantiate FPO via a scalable first-order approximation and demonstrate that it prevents alignment collapse on both controlled environments and an LLM alignment pipeline using Llama-3.2-1B.

cs.LG · stat.ML