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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37978

Solitary movement style predicts collective foraging while whom to follow emerges only in company

Hiroshi Higashi

原文摘要

How far can behaviour inside a group, and the group's performance, be predicted from members measured while alone? We tested this on three public datasets of human collective foraging (621, 128 and 1,133 participants). A low-dimensional individual representation estimated from private-phase movement was mapped onto behaviour inside the group through a mapping learned on other participants. Private information processing was stable between the two halves of a session (split-half reliability, the correlation between the halves, 0.60--0.83) and predicted behaviour inside the group with correlations of 0.30--0.66. Selective social learning, following those who have succeeded or stopped, showed stable individual differences inside the group (reliability 0.45--0.59) yet was not predicted at all from the same person's private behaviour. Group performance was predicted with a correlation of 0.55 in all three datasets by simulations never fitted to group outcomes or by the mean of individually measured performance, a prediction carried by mobility and individual performance rather than by social weights. We found no credible evidence for an effect of how members were combined (equivalence bound 0.06). Whom to follow thus emerges only in company, which delimits what solitary measurements can predict and compose.

physics.soc-ph · cs.MA · q-bio.NC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37977

A Simple Optimistic B-Skiplist Algorithm

Jianting Guo, Yicong Luo, Helen Xu

原文摘要

We present the first optimistic concurrent B-skiplist, built on optimistic lock coupling (OLC). OLC replaces the multi-cache-line RW lock with a compact, single-cache-line lock: readers validate a version number without writing to shared memory, avoiding cache invalidations and retrying only on a detected conflict. Although OLC was thought poorly suited to skiplists, where a single per-element lock may span structurally unrelated levels, the B-skiplist's blocked layout places each level (and associated lock) in its own node. We exploit the B-skiplist's upfront knowledge of promotion height with a hybrid top-down scheme that traverses upper levels optimistically and locks only from the promotion level down, so most inserts never dirty a cache line. On 128 threads, the proposed optimistic B-skiplist achieves $1.2-10\times$ higher throughput over state-of-the-art concurrent skiplist implementations. Furthermore, the optimistic B-skiplist achieves $0.8-4.3\times$ the throughput compared to high-performance optimistic B+-tree implementations based on RW locks and OLC. Finally, the optimistic B-skiplist achieves up to $13\times$ lower latency than concurrent skiplists and tree-based indices, and is within $1.6\times$ of the latency of the OLC-based B+-tree.

cs.DS

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v4arXiv:2508.13255

FISH Omics Format: a standard enabling FAIR chromatin tracing data sharing across repositories

Rahi Navelkar, Andrea Cosolo, Iago Maceda Porto, Bogdan Bintu, Yubao Cheng, Vincent Gardeux, Silvia Gutnik, Taihei Fujimori 等 40 位作者

原文摘要

In recent years, multiplexed Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) or FISH-omics methods have rapidly expanded, enabling the quantification of chromatin organization in single cells, often in conjunction with measurements of RNAs and proteins. These approaches have deepened our understanding of how 3D chromosome architecture relates to transcriptional activity and cell states in health and disease. Despite these advances, results from Chromatin Tracing FISH-omics experiments remain challenging to share, reuse, and analyze due to the absence of standardized data exchange specifications. Building on the release of microscopy metadata standards, we introduce the FISH Omics Format-Chromatin Tracing (FOF-CT), a community-developed standard for processed results from diverse imaging modalities. We describe the FOF-CT file format and present a curated collection of datasets deposited in the 4D Nucleome Data Portal and the OME Image Data Resource (IDR). We also highlight their potential for reuse, integration, and modeling by outlining example analysis pipelines and illustrating biological insights enabled by standardized, FAIR-compliant Chromatin Tracing datasets. FOF-CT natively represents both ball-and-stick and volumetric Chromatin Tracing data, unifying the two modalities within a single, modular table-based architecture (FOF-bas-CT and FOF-vol-CT, respectively).

q-bio.OT · cs.DL

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.23042

The Model as One Rater Among Several: Measuring Political Positions in Data-Sparse Regions with a Language-Model Panel

Tarek Gara

原文摘要

Most instruments for measuring political positions, such as manifesto coding, expert surveys and text-scaling models, were built and validated on Western party systems, and they break down worst where many consequential actors never publish a manifesto, never contest a competitive election, or commit one position to a charter and act on another in office. This paper proposes a method for such settings. I treat a large language model as a single fallible rater in a panel, the way an expert survey treats one expert, and describe the panel, its synthesis, an applicability rule that keeps a blank distinct from a zero, and a lens that separates what an actor declares from what it does. Three results follow. First, a built-in experiment isolates the rubric: with a definition-free round held fixed, written axis definitions move scores by a mean of 1.8 points on a 21-point scale and tighten agreement between raters (mean absolute gap 2.81 to 2.50; r 0.81 to 0.89). Second, across nine models from eight laboratories in two countries, Krippendorff's alpha is 0.86 on an interval and 0.87 on an ordinal metric, and it held as the panel grew from five raters to nine. This is reliability and says nothing yet about validity, since models trained on overlapping data can share a bias no statistic computed from the models can detect. Third, the panel's sharpest split, a bimodal divergence on an actor's stance toward the state's foundational order, comes from a referent problem: the models agree on the facts and differ on which order counts as the regime. A blind triple-coding traces about two-thirds of such disagreement to interpretation. The worked example is the Middle East and North Africa, and the rubric, prompt and data are released in full.

cs.CY · cs.AI · cs.CL · stat.AP

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37976

Sometimes less is more: Investigating inductive biases of MLPs and Transformers on noisy k-parity features

Alasdair Paren

原文摘要

We empirically investigate how MLPs and Transformers differ when trained on data sets containing one or more features encoded by noisy k-parity. Noisy k-parity gives us hard synthetic data sets in which we can control the predictivity and availability of every feature. Across a range of data distributions, data scales and model sizes, we find large differences in the training dynamics and inductive biases of the two architectures: Transformers are more robust to noisy features but struggle to learn complex, low-availability features, whereas MLPs show the opposite trend and improve steadily with more data. We also find that, under a fixed training budget, increasing the number of unique training examples can slow Transformer optimisation enough to reduce final accuracy, so that a smaller data set performs better. Training-accuracy results show this is an optimisation-speed effect; it shrinks, but does not vanish, when the budget is scaled with the data set size. By giving precise control over feature predictivity and availability, this testbed offers a clear starting point for understanding when and why Transformers and MLPs learn differently, and for designing data and training budgets that exploit those differences.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37974

FORGE: Feasible Online Reduced-Order Reference Generation and Whole-Body Execution for Agile Humanoid Locomotion

Adrian B. Ghansah, Yujin An, Jeeseop Kim, Soon-Jo Chung

原文摘要

This paper presents a two-stage learning framework for versatile and agile humanoid locomotion that couples online reduced-order model (ROM) reference generation with whole-body tracking control. In the first stage, we train a command-conditioned whole-body reference generator using single rigid body dynamics combined with full humanoid kinematics. In the second stage, the frozen ROM policy is rolled out online to generate references for training a whole-body tracking policy on the full-order dynamics model. Learning a kino-dynamically consistent reference generator in the simplified ROM space enables us to generate references over a broad command space and over multiple locomotion strategies using a single unified framework. We demonstrate the approach on a Unitree G1 humanoid robot, achieving longitudinal velocities from -2.0 m/s to 2.8 m/s, lateral velocities up to +-1.0 m/s, angular velocities up to +-3.0 rad/s, one-legged hopping, and continuous transitions across the commands, all using one unified reference policy and one whole-body tracking policy.

cs.RO · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.31922

Deterministic Constructions of Reed-Solomon Codes Beyond the Johnson Bound

Abhranil Chatterjee, Sumanta Ghosh, Zeyu Guo, Rohit Gurjar, Roshan Raj, Zihan Zhang

原文摘要

We give a deterministic quasipolynomial-time construction of Reed-Solomon codes that are list-decodable beyond the Johnson radius. Specifically, for every $ε\in(0,1]$ and all sufficiently large $n$, we construct an $[n,k]$ Reed-Solomon code of rate $R=Ω(ε/(1+\log(1/ε)))$ over a field of size $(nk)^{quasi-poly(nk)}$ that is $(1-ε,O(1/ε))$ list-decodable. The construction runs in quasi-poly(nk) time. We also give a deterministic construction of $[n,k]$-MDS$(3)$ Reed-Solomon codes for all integers $1\leq k<n$, with the same asymptotic bounds on field size and construction time. In the constant-rate regime, our field-size bound substantially improves the bound of $O(n^{k^{2k}})$ achieved by Roth's construction (Roth, IEEE TIT 2022). Our constructions exploit a connection to polynomial identity testing for read-once determinants, together with the quasipolynomial isolating-weight construction of Gurjar and Thierauf for linear matroid intersection (Gurjar and Thierauf, STOC 2017 and Computational Complexity 2020).

cs.CC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2608.25217

LLM-Driven, Datasheet-Aware Automated Hardware Compatibility Verification for Early-Stage, Pre-Schematic Embedded System Design

Haotian Qiao, Robert P. Dick

原文摘要

We present an LLM-driven, datasheet-aware framework for early-stage hardware compatibility verification that identifies documentation-level interface incompatibilities based on hardware datasheets and high-level component connectivity descriptions. It does not require, and can therefore be used, before detailed schematic simulation and implementation. We view trustworthy LLM-assisted design automation not as directly generating answers from documents, but as transforming engineering information through traceable verification stages. Given hardware datasheets and high-level component connectivity descriptions, the framework constructs a design graph that captures device connectivity and shared interaction domains, retrieves only the engineering properties required by explicit, domain-oriented verification criteria , and generates deterministic scripts for compatibility evaluation. By decomposing compatibility analysis into modular stages and preserving intermediate results, the framework reduces context overhead, improves transparency and tractability, enables scaling, and avoids reliance on LLMs for numerical computation. Evaluated on seven embedded-system designs comprising 34 datasheets, our framework achieves 97.5% compatibility-verification accuracy and an 8.6 times reduction in input context size compared with ``upload-and-query'' workflows. These results demonstrate the feasibility of LLM-assisted, specification-based hardware compatibility verification at an early design stage, as well as the need for, and substantial benefits of, modular task decomposition, formalized verification criteria, and task-aware compact context construction.

cs.AI · eess.SY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37972

Application of PDE emulators for a multi-material, multi-physics simulation problem

Diane Oyen, Morgan Jones, Adithan Kathirgamaraju, Abu Bucker Siddik, Alexander Most, David Schodt, Christine Sweeney, Kyle Hickmann 等 22 位作者

原文摘要

Machine learning (ML) architectures are being developed for fast emulation of numerical simulators to accelerate both scientific discovery and engineering design. While these approaches are well-tested on popular PDE (partial differential equation) benchmarks, it is necessary to evaluate their performance on datasets that more accurately reflect industrial and engineering applications. We evaluate several computer vision-based architectures trained as surrogate models on a challenging computational physics task involving multiple materials, revealing significant implementation challenges for adapting certain pre-trained models, including transformer-based architectures. For such multi-physics multi-material datasets, our results underscore the importance of learning algorithms designed for sparse and imbalanced data, techniques for adapting spatial encodings and physical consistency metrics, in addition to methods for reducing the cost of generating sufficient training data.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37970

Statistical Detectability of Coordination

Letizia Iannucci, Antonis Matakos, Mikko Kivelä

原文摘要

Information operations exploit coordinated activity on social media to amplify messages and manipulate public discourse. A common approach to coordination detection is to project account-entity interactions into account similarity networks based on temporal proximity, action counts, or behavioural similarity, and identify dense subgraphs or behavioural clusters. However, the current methodology finds groups of co-activated accounts or partitions all users into most similarly acting clusters, even when the accounts are acting independently of each other or the co-activity is due to some expected source. We formulate coordination detection based on hypothesis testing of account pairs and compare different null models. We connect the resulting pairwise scores to the planted-submatrix detection problem and derive statistical and computational limits as functions of group size, population size, and signal strength. We estimate the signal for 7 modalities of coordination over 26 labelled information-operation datasets, and compare the predicted regime with the performance of recovery heuristics. Our method achieves higher agreement with the labelled ground truth than previously reported, but the choice of null model is important and it changes the regime of most modalities. While it is always possible to extract a set of significantly densely co-acting accounts across nearly all modalities regardless of regime, density alone is uninformative of detection performance, rendering anomalous cluster discovery a poor proxy for recovering an information operation. Detectability boundaries establish whether an operation of a given size and signal can be recovered at all, and how much confidence a flagged group warrants.

cs.SI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.35040

Context-dependent Runtime Construction of Safe Regions of Attraction from Design-Time Identification for Multi-Candidate Simplex Architectures

Georg Jäger, Nils-Jonathan Friedrich, Norman Seyffer, José Cecílio, António Casimiro

原文摘要

Deploying safety-critical cyber-physical systems requires control strategies that reconcile high performance and adaptability with rigorous safety guarantees. Classical control strategies offer stability proofs but are conservative, while advanced optimization- and learning-based controllers achieve high performance but lack formal verification. Runtime Assurance (RTA) architectures bridge this gap by introducing their own (dis-)advantages. Safety filters use online optimization and introduce chattering, while Simplex permissiveness is bounded by the tightness of the certified Region of Attraction (RoA) of its High-Assurance (HA) controller. Targeting this conservatism, we present a two-stage RoA certification procedure leveraging contraction-based stability to establish a target set for Taylor-model-based reachability analysis. We then treat the closed-loop system under HA control as a switched system, enabling: (a) runtime construction of context-dependent safe RoA and (b) safe switching between HA candidates to optimize recovery and maximize the operating envelope of the uncertified High-Performance (HP) controller. We validate this framework on a robotic path-tracking task using a three-stage evaluation: Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) simulation for theoretical verification, high-fidelity Gazebo simulation under unmodeled dynamics, and experiments on physical hardware. Results show that the Simplex architecture maintains safety under fault injection and successfully shields a behavioral-cloning-trained HP controller. Crucially, the decision module introduces negligible overhead (0.028 ms average, 4.13 ms worst-case), consuming under 10 % of the control period.

cs.RO · eess.SY

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37965

Meta-Initialization of Implicit Neural Representations to Accelerate Deformable Medical Image Registration

Marat O. Zinovev, Dmitry V. Sorokin

原文摘要

Implicit neural representation (INR) methods for deformable medical image registration require the network parameters to be optimized for each new image pair, making adaptation speed a practical limitation. This work investigates whether early adaptation can be accelerated using an initialization learned from a collection of previously solved registration tasks. We examine two schemes: Reptile meta-initialization and STRAINER transfer of the shared component of a coordinate network. KAN-IDIR is used as the base INR displacement-field model. Experiments are conducted on OASIS-1, with 364 consecutive pairs used for training and 49 pairs for test-time adaptation. Registration quality is evaluated using mean Dice and HD95, together with the fraction of voxels with a negative Jacobian determinant at iteration 1500. In the configurations studied, both schemes yield higher Dice and lower HD95 at early iterations than random initialization. Reptile numerically outperforms STRAINER under a small iteration budget, although their pretraining budgets are not matched. As the number of iterations increases, the differences between the schemes shrink. STRAINER pretraining takes 39-40 minutes, compared with 44.98 hours for Reptile.

cs.CV · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2604.23095

INSIGHT: Indoor Scene Intelligence from Geometric-Semantic Hierarchy Transfer for Public~Safety

Alexander Nikitas Dimopoulos, Joseph Grasso, John Beltz

原文摘要

Indoor environments lack the spatial intelligence infrastructure that GPS provides outdoors; first responders arriving at unfamiliar buildings typically have no machine-readable map of safety equipment. Prior work on 3D semantic segmentation for public safety identified two barriers: scarcity of labeled indoor training data and poor recognition of small safety-critical features by native point-cloud methods. This paper presents INSIGHT, a zero-target-domain-annotation pipeline that projects 2D image understanding into 3D metric space via registered RGB-D data. Two interchangeable vision stacks share a common 3D back end: a SAM3 foundation-model stack for text-prompted segmentation, and a traditional CV stack (open-set detection, VQA, OCR) whose intermediate outputs are independently inspectable. Evaluated on all seven subareas of Stanford 2D-3D-S (70{,}496 images), the pipeline produces Pointcept-schema-compatible labeled point clouds and ISO~19164-compliant scene graphs with ${\sim}10^{4}{\times}$ compression; role-filtered payloads transmit in ${<}15$\,s at 1\,Mbps over FirstNet Band~14. We report per-point labeling accuracy on 7 shared classes, detection sensitivity for 15 safety-critical classes absent from public 3D benchmarks alongside code-capped deployable estimates, and inter-pipeline complementarity, demonstrating that 2D-to-3D semantic transfer addresses the labeled-data bottleneck while scene graphs provide building intelligence compact enough for field deployment.

cs.CV · cs.ET

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2511.07560

EvoPS: Evolutionary Patch Selection for Whole Slide Image Analysis in Computational Pathology

Saya Hashemian, Azam Asilian Bidgoli

原文摘要

In computational pathology, the gigapixel scale of Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates their division into thousands of smaller patches. Analyzing these high-dimensional patch embeddings is computationally expensive and risks diluting key diagnostic signals with many uninformative patches. Existing patch selection methods often rely on random sampling or simple clustering heuristics and typically fail to explicitly manage the crucial trade-off between the number of selected patches and the accuracy of the resulting slide representation. To address this gap, we propose EvoPS (Evolutionary Patch Selection), a novel framework that formulates patch selection as a multi-objective optimization problem and leverages an evolutionary search to simultaneously minimize the number of selected patch embeddings and maximize the performance of a downstream similarity search task, generating a Pareto front of optimal trade-off solutions. We validated our framework across four major cancer cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using five pretrained deep learning models to generate patch embeddings, including both supervised CNNs and large self-supervised foundation models. The results demonstrate that EvoPS can reduce the required number of training patch embeddings by over 90% while consistently maintaining or even improving the final classification F1-score compared to a baseline that uses all available patches' embeddings selected through a standard extraction pipeline. The EvoPS framework provides a robust and principled method for creating efficient, accurate, and interpretable WSI representations, empowering users to select an optimal balance between computational cost and diagnostic performance.

eess.IV · cs.CV · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.26873

Scalable Message-Passing Quantum Graph Neural Networks in the Weisfeiler-Leman Hierarchy

Snehal Raj, Brian Coyle, Léo Monbroussou, André J. Ferreira-Martins, Renato M. S. Farias, Elham Kashefi

原文摘要

Graphs provide a natural language for relational data in chemistry, biology and optimisation. Graph neural networks (GNNs) have driven much of the recent progress in learning from such data through message passing, a single primitive that generalises convolution and attention. Quantum counterparts have been proposed, but with limited connection to message passing and few guarantees on performance or scalability. More broadly, the trainability of variational quantum circuits is a recognised bottleneck for their wide applicability, and pre-training has emerged as one way to address it. Yet for a quantum model to be useful, it must offer expressivity guarantees along with demonstrable scalability. Here we show how a quantum graph neural network can be built to perform message passing, to be permutation equivariant, and to sit at a chosen level of the Weisfeiler-Leman hierarchy, the standard measure of how finely a model can tell graphs apart. We show that, as for classical GNNs, the training can be done first on small graph instances, allowing for a pre-training that can mitigate usual training issues, and its output can be read out at a cost that stays low as the graph grows. We validate the framework in large-scale simulations of up to 56 qubits across three datasets, on synthetic graphs that ordinary message passing cannot separate, on molecular property prediction, and on the travelling salesperson problem. Our framework opens a path for near-term quantum algorithms with theoretical guarantees and practical scalability, bringing the principles of graph learning into quantum circuit design.

quant-ph · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2510.12975

A Connection Between Score Matching and Local Intrinsic Dimension

Eric Yeats, Aaron Jacobson, Darryl Hannan, Yiran Jia, Timothy Doster, Henry Kvinge, Scott Mahan

原文摘要

The local intrinsic dimension (LID) of data is a fundamental quantity in signal processing and learning theory, but quantifying the LID of high-dimensional, complex data has been a historically challenging task. Recent works have discovered that diffusion models capture the LID of data through the spectra of their score estimates and through the rate of change of their density estimates under various noise perturbations. While these methods can accurately quantify LID, they require either many forward passes of the diffusion model or use of gradient computation, limiting their applicability in compute- and memory-constrained scenarios. We show that the LID is a lower bound on the denoising score matching loss, motivating use of the denoising score matching loss as a LID estimator. Moreover, we show that the equivalent implicit score matching loss also approximates LID via the normal dimension and is closely related to a recent LID estimator, FLIPD. Our experiments on a manifold benchmark and with Stable Diffusion 3.5 indicate that the denoising score matching loss is a highly competitive and scalable LID estimator, achieving superior accuracy and memory footprint under increasing problem size and quantization level.

cs.LG · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37963

Self-Supervised Latent Action-Conditioned World Modeling for Time Series

Chia-Han Kuo, Chengshuai Zhao, Huan Liu, Lo Pang-Yun Ting

原文摘要

Time-series data play an important role in various tasks, such as weather forecasting, web traffic analysis, and speech recognition. Recently, pioneering studies have increasingly adopted Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture (JEPA) based encoders to learn time-series representations through latent-space prediction. However, they often overlook the underlying factors governing transitions between time-series observations. In this work, we hypothesize that explicitly modeling the information behind changes in time series can facilitate time-series modeling. Building on this hypothesis, we propose ACTS-WM, a self-supervised latent action-conditioned world model framework for time-series analysis. First, we introduce a latent action modeling approach that infers the underlying information behind time-series transitions as latent actions, without requiring explicit action annotations. We then develop a JEPA-based encoder and an action-conditioned world model to predict target time-series representations conditioned on the learned latent actions and task information. We evaluate ACTS-WM across 4 representative tasks on 22 datasets from diverse domains, covering univariate and multivariate forecasting and classification. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that ACTS-WM can improve downstream performance over pretrained JEPA-based encoders by learning complementary representations.

cs.LG · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37962

Statistical Detection of Positional Bias in LLM-Based Recommender Systems: Methodologies and Empirical Evidence

Carlos Peláez-González, Francisco Herrera, Andrés Herrera-Poyatos

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as recommendation generators in conversational recommender systems (RS) via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). This flexible design introduces new sources of structural bias. This paper studies positional bias in top-1 and single-turn LLM-based RS: systematic dependence of the recommended item on the order in which candidates are presented in the prompt. We propose two complementary detection methodologies: (i) POB-ICM, based on contingency matrix analysis and Chi-square independence testing, and (ii) POB-UNBP, a sample-efficient approach derived from a uniformity null model under permutation-based evaluation, enabling stochastic decoding with formal statistical guarantees. Using a controlled RAG testbed for product recommendation, built on a real product catalog, a fixed prompt template and 2000 template-generated user queries with 20 permutations each (40,000 instances), both methodologies reject the null hypothesis of positional independence and uniformity in all evaluated state-of-the-art models. We introduce three complementary metrics -- permutation sensitivity, positional bias, and strong positional bias -- to quantify this effect, the latter targeting cases where the position displaces the recommendation towards clearly less relevant items rather than only choosing among comparably relevant ones. A robustness analysis across candidate-set size and decoding temperature shows that the bias is structural and model-dependent, not an artifact of deterministic decoding or candidate-set size. These results establish positional bias as a measurable, reproducible property of prompt-mediated recommendation pipelines in the evaluated setting and motivate routine auditing and governance controls (e.g., order randomization, standardized prompting) for deployed LLM-based RS. Source code is publicly released.

cs.IR · cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2509.20333

BBoE: Leveraging Bundle of Edges for Kinodynamic Bidirectional Motion Planning

Srikrishna Bangalore Raghu, Alessandro Roncone

原文摘要

In this work, we introduce BBoE, a bidirectional, kinodynamic, sampling-based motion planner that consistently and quickly finds solutions in environments with varying obstacle clutter. The algorithm combines exploration and exploitation while relying on precomputed robot motions, resulting in efficient convergence towards the goal. Our key contributions include: i) a strategy to quickly find solutions in obstacle-rich spaces by leveraging a bundle of precomputed robot motions (i.e., edges); and ii) BBoE, a robust bidirectional kinodynamic planner that utilizes this strategy to produce fast and feasible solutions. Across four systems spanning 3D to 6D state spaces, BBoE is the only planner to achieve $\geq96\%$ success on every system while attaining the lowest planning time on three of four.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2601.08024

A Highly Efficient Diversity-based Input Selection for DNN Improvement Using VLMs

Amin Abbasishahkoo, Mahboubeh Dadkhah, Lionel Briand

原文摘要

Maintaining or improving the performance of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) through fine-tuning requires labeling newly collected inputs, a process that is often costly and time-consuming. To alleviate this problem, input selection approaches have been developed in recent years to identify small, yet highly informative subsets for labeling. Diversity-based selection is one of the most effective approaches for this purpose. However, they are often computationally intensive and lack scalability for large input sets, limiting their practical applicability. To address this challenge, we introduce Concept-Based Diversity (CBD), a novel and highly efficient diversity metric for image inputs that leverages Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Our results show that CBD exhibits a strong correlation with Geometric Diversity (GD), an established diversity metric, while requiring only a fraction of its computation time. Building on this finding, we propose a hybrid input selection approach that combines CBD with Margin, a simple uncertainty metric. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation across a diverse set of DNN models, input sets, selection budgets, and six most effective state-of-the-art selection baselines. The results demonstrate that the CBD-based selection consistently outperforms all baselines at guiding input selection to improve the DNN model. Furthermore, the CBD-based selection approach remains highly efficient, requiring selection times close to those of simple uncertainty-based methods such as Margin, even on larger input sets like ImageNet. These results confirm not only the effectiveness and computational advantage of the CBD-based approach, particularly compared to hybrid baselines, but also its scalability in repetitive and extensive input selection scenarios.

cs.CV · cs.SE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2610.28195

Attractive Faces Skew Text-to-Image Reward Models and Leaderboards

Harvey Mannering, Zhiwu Huang, Adam Prügel-Bennett

原文摘要

Human preference is now central to the evaluation, guidance, finetuning, and ranking of text-to-image models. However, the susceptibility of human preferences to bias in image generation remains underexplored. We identify a key observation: for human faces, perceived attractiveness skews image quality judgments, even when comparing real photographs of comparable fidelity. In a controlled user study, annotators rank more attractive faces as higher quality, even when unattractive real faces are compared with attractive AI-generated ones. We examine the downstream consequences of this bias. Firstly, simulating Elo rankings from user study data shows attractiveness can distort a leaderboard's ranking, elevating synthetic attractive faces over real, unattractive ones. Secondly, the same bias reappears in the human preference models. Editing 40 annotated facial attributes in isolation, we find that attractiveness is the strongest correlate of score for four of five human preference models (PickScore, MPS, HPSv2.1, HPSv3), and the strongest predictor of score in regression analysis. We further show that preference aligned generation shifts faces toward younger, more feminine faces, and can override explicit prompts for unattractive faces, thereby limiting user control. Finally, we explore mitigation strategies, both for data collection and post training on human preference models. These findings highlight the need for preference models that disentangle image quality from human cognitive bias, enabling more reliable evaluation.

cs.CV · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2607.09164

What Pixels Are Enough? SEAMS: Sufficiency Saliency via MSE-Preservation Soft-Masks

Magdalena Trędowicz, Łukasz Struski, Arkadiusz Lewicki, Karolina Pachota, Andrzej Grudzień, Mateusz Jagła, Jacek Tabor

原文摘要

Saliency maps are most useful when they identify the image regions that are sufficient to preserve a model's behaviour. We introduce SEAMS, a sufficiency-based saliency method that directly optimises a soft mask using a preservation objective. Given a frozen differentiable model output, such as a class probability, CLS embedding, or token representation, SEAMS searches for a compact mask that preserves the selected output. The approach relies on a simple optimisation framework based on soft masks, a learnable budget, and a three-way image composite generated entirely from the query image. As a result, it requires no auxiliary distractor dataset, architecture-specific attribution mechanism, or differentiable top-k relaxation. Experiments with frozen ViT-S/16 and ConvNeXt models show that the same optimisation pipeline can generate object-level, class-conditioned, and token-level explanations by changing only the preserved target. The resulting masks are compact, interpretable, stable across random initialisations, and competitive on insertion and deletion benchmarks. Our results also indicate that different architectures often rely on different sufficient evidence while achieving similar preservation fidelity, highlighting the architecture-dependent nature of visual explanations.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37954

MesoCraft: a web-based tool for interactive procedural modeling of mesoscale biological structures

Donggang Jia, Alexandre Kouyoumdjian, Ondrej Strnad, Uros Smajdek, Ciril Bohak, Dilara Bayraktar, Alejandra Esparza, Peter Mindek 等 11 位作者

原文摘要

Biological models bring the molecular world of cells into view, enabling experts and the public to explore and understand biological discoveries. Building mesoscale models requires organizing many molecular components into spatial arrangements that can be revised as evidence and interpretations develop. We present MesoCraft, a browser-based tool for structural biologists centered on interactive procedural modeling. User-defined rules generate collections of molecular instances, while a geometry-node editor and visual feedback support authoring and revision of their spatial relationships. Beyond model construction, MesoCraft integrates exploration and communication, enabling researchers to inspect molecular organization and create guided animations that highlight key spatial relationships. By connecting modeling, exploration, and explanation in a unified workflow, MesoCraft allows insights gained during exploration and communication to inform iterative model refinement, supporting the development of mesoscale models into visual narratives of cellular organization. A demonstrative deployment of the tool is available at https://mesocraft.kaust.edu.sa/.

cs.GR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37952

SAG-Sep: Sparse Augmented Graphs and Onion-Guided Search for Rounded Capacity Cut Separation

Haoran Liu, Guanyi Wang, Yu Yang

原文摘要

Rounded capacity cuts (RCCs) are among the most effective cuts for capacitated vehicle-routing relaxations, but exact separation is computationally prohibitive at scale. Existing heuristic and neural separators can be fast, but often fail to produce sufficiently many effective cuts within practical separation budgets. We introduce SAG-Sep, a separator that scores node membership in RCC-inducing subsets across vehicle-count levels from a fractional LP solution in a single encoder forward pass, avoiding the iterative predict-and-coarsen inference used by NeuralSEP-style separators. SAG-Sep encodes the LP solution as a Sparse Augmented Graph (SAG), adding flow-informed multi-hop edges that expose long-range routing structure without densifying attention. Beyond LP-aware sparse encoding, we observe that high-value exact RCCs are typically nested, organizing into onion-like subset families, and SAG-Sep's node scores track subset nesting depth. This motivates Onion-Sweep (OS), a training-free decoder that ranks customers by their scores, evaluates the RCC violation of every prefix of the ranking in one vectorized pass, and emits the most violated prefix of each replica together with a cross-replica family of nested proposals, converting independent node scores into structurally coordinated RCC candidates without a tuned threshold or probing band. On the NeuralSEP benchmark with N=1000 customer instances, SAG-Sep with OS reduces the average root gap by 17.7% relative to the strongest NeuralSEP baseline, while the single-pass SAG-Sep separator achieves a roughly 30-fold per-iteration neural separation speedup. Our findings suggest that LP-aware sparse encoding and the nested structure of high-value cuts are structural patterns worth leveraging in neural separation more broadly.

cs.LG · cs.AI · math.OC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37951

Federated Learning for Semantic Communications over Multiple Access Channels

Yalin E. Sagduyu, Tugba Erpek, Yi Shi

原文摘要

This paper presents a federated learning (FL) framework for semantic communication (SemCom) over the multiple access channel (MAC), where multiple distributed transmitters simultaneously convey semantic information to a common receiver using end-to-end learned semantic representations. Semantic feature extraction, compression, wireless transmission, and semantic inference are jointly optimized through FL-based SemCom. Unlike conventional SemCom systems that train users independently, simultaneous semantic transmissions over the MAC enable concurrent training of multiple transmitters within the same transmission interval, thereby reducing training overhead and channel usage. Federated semantic aggregation is incorporated with shared and personalized encoder components, allowing transmitters with limited local training data to benefit from semantic representations learned from transmitters possessing larger datasets while preserving local adaptation. Evaluated using the CIFAR-10 dataset over fading channels, the proposed approach maintains high semantic inference accuracy under shared wireless access and significantly improves performance under severe data imbalance. In the meantime, simultaneous semantic transmissions can significantly reduce training overhead while preserving robust semantic performance across distributed transmitters with heterogeneous local datasets. These results highlight the potential of combining FL and SemCom to support scalable and communication-efficient edge intelligence in future wireless networks.

cs.IT · cs.DC · cs.LG · cs.NI · eess.SP

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37949

AI-Generated Non-Consensual Intimate Imagery is Configured, Not Built: How General-Purpose AI Technology Enables Sexual Violence

Julia B. Kieserman, Ashley Phoebe Ishoel, Damon McCoy, Elissa M. Redmiles, Lucy Qin, Jaron Mink

原文摘要

AI-generated non-consensual intimate imagery (AIG-NCII) is an increasingly prevalent form of online abuse, distinguished from AI-generated sexual content (AIG-SC) by the sexualized depiction of a real person's identity without their consent. To understand how offenders may benefit from the tools and resources shared across the broader AIG-SC community, we analyzed 139 R+ guides on CivitAI, a popular platform known to host a disproportionate amount of AIG-SC. We find that AIG-SC guides discuss how to create content generation workflows composed of sexual and identity concepts, the building blocks of AIG-NCII, including one guide that explicitly outlines an AIG-NCII workflow. We identify that ultimately AIG-NCII is enabled by configuration rather than a distinct set of technical tools. We map AIG-NCII threat models across basic and advanced AIG-SC workflows to demonstrate how multiple dual-use technical components can compose NCII outputs in an environment with little to no discussion of ethical implications or responsible use. We conclude by noting that, as most workflows rely on open-weight models, existing technical defenses against AIG-NCII are limited. However, our findings offer a starting point for evaluation of AI-based models and products against realistic attacker behavior required by new EU regulation and suggest that efforts to develop safeguards at the model- and product-levels should focus on generation of identity content.

cs.CR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37946

The Collaborative Critique: An Inspection Method for Expert Evaluation of User Interfaces

Wendy Lucas, Tamara Babaian

原文摘要

The development of the collaborative critique (CC) usability inspection method was driven by the need for systems, ranging from the simple to the complex, to lessen the workload on their users by being better collaborative partners. In the collaborative view of system-user interaction, the role of the system is expanded to that of a partner that must help its users achieve their goals. This perspective shifts the dynamic from focusing on the user's ability to make effective and efficient use of the system to the system's usefulness within a given task, user, and interaction context, thereby reducing the user's cognitive and physical efforts. The CC method consists of a walkthrough evaluation in which the questions answered at each step of the interaction assess the collaborative strength of the system. This method is further distinguished by the inclusion of questions that access the behavior of the system in error situations, which are known to be particularly burdensome to users of complex systems. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the CC method and its application and demonstrate its usefulness in evaluating an interface. The results of a laboratory evaluation show that the method performed well in identifying the problems experienced by users across all severity levels and predicted almost all of the problems associated with error situations.

cs.HC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37944

Symmetric List Objects

Fiona Blackett, Vikraman Choudhury, Rin Liu

原文摘要

Cons-lists are fundamental to functional programming, and are well-understood as initial algebras, and as a concrete construction of free monoids. In category theory, such list objects can be axiomatised internal to any monoidal category, with nil and cons maps, and a recursion mechanism. When strengthened to support parametrised recursion, they can be shown to give the free monoid construction. We study a small variant on parametrised list objects called parametrised symmetric list objects, in a symmetric monoidal category, where the two frontmost elements are allowed to be permuted. We show that this gives a construction of free commutative monoids, and develop some related theory.

math.CT · cs.LO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37941

A Poisson Transition and Bias Law for KSG Mutual-Information Estimation

Abhiram Gorle, Tsachy Weissman

原文摘要

We quantify the error of the strict-radius Kraskov--Stögbauer--Grassberger (KSG-1) mutual-information estimator on a Gaussian channel as the sample size \(n\) grows and the channel becomes nearly deterministic. For fixed dimension \(p\) and neighbor index \(k\), we define the resolution parameter \(u_n=ne^{-I_n}\), where \(I_n\) is the true mutual information in nats. When \(u_n\to u\in(0,\infty)\), we prove that the estimation error converges in mean square to a computable deterministic bias \(B_{p,k}(u)\). Sampling fluctuations therefore vanish, while an additive bias can persist. We derive this bias from an explicit marked-Poisson law for the neighborhood counts, characterize its small-\(u\) asymptotics, and show that it tends to zero as \(u\to\infty\). The same law describes how often neighborhoods saturate, meaning that they make the largest possible contribution to the estimate. The limiting saturation probability decreases continuously and strictly from one to zero, allowing a Gaussian-model bias correction on fixed critical intervals. Finite-sample experiments show substantial bias even when the true information lies below the estimator's logarithmic ceiling and saturated neighborhoods are rare. Saturation-based correction reduces estimation error in these experiments, though recovering the resolution parameter from the observed saturation fraction can remain difficult when saturation is rare.

cs.IT

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.37940

Enumeration Complexity of Permutation Classes

Manuel Bodirsky, Mohamed Elsheikh

原文摘要

We study classes of permutations that are defined by avoidance of forbidden patterns. For each fixed finite set $B$ of forbidden patterns, we study the \emph{avoider enumeration problem}: given an integer $n$, output all $B$-avoiding permutations of length $n$. Avoider enumeration is output-polynomial for every fixed $B$. However, our main notion of efficiency is polynomial delay. We use the insert-maximum tree as a search tree, in which permutations are built by repeatedly inserting a new maximum while preserving pattern avoidance. This leads to the \emph{insert-maximum extension problem}, which asks if a given permutation has an avoiding descendant at a specified depth. An algorithm for this problem can prune branches that cannot reach the target length. Hence, if this problem is in P, we obtain polynomial-delay enumeration. To investigate this problem, we introduce and study \emph{pockets}, the maximal finite subtrees of the insert-maximum tree. For fixed $B$, if there is a polynomial $p$ such that every pocket rooted at $ρ$ has at most $p(|ρ|)$ nodes, then the extension problem is solvable in polynomial time and enumeration has polynomial delay. In particular, a bound on pocket depth depending only on $B$ suffices. We prove such a bound if the class is well-quasi-ordered, has a regular insertion encoding, or if $B$ omits one of the three maximum-position types: leftmost, interior, or rightmost. We also prove that extension is in NP for every fixed $B$, even with binary-encoded target depth. On the negative side, we construct a fixed set of $55$ forbidden patterns for which extension is NP-complete. Consequently, enumerating valid extensions from a given starting permutation cannot have polynomial delay unless P=NP. This also answers a question of Hanika by showing that the forbidden permutation constraint satisfaction problem can be NP-complete for a fixed forbidden set.

cs.CC · math.CO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗