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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38155

Floor It, Then Fill It: Simulating Creator Ecosystems for Fair Video-Content Recommendation Systems at Billion User Scale

Sohini Roychowdhury, Long Sha, Sunand Agarwal, Payal Kamboj, Shuyang Chen, Junlin Zhang, Scott Chen, Hui Zhang

原文摘要

Engagement-optimized content recommendation systems exhibit a well-documented rich-get-richer dynamic that structurally disadvantages emerging creators on large-scale platforms. Evaluating debiasing interventions at scale demands faithful simulation of creator-viewer ecosystems, yet the fidelity, diversity, and validity of such simulators remain underexplored. We present a grounded user-simulation framework that models a heterogeneous population of ${\sim}42$K creators and their coupled viewer interactions over 12~weeks, and use it to evaluate equitable view-allocation policies formulated as a budgeted multi-armed bandit (MAB). The simulator captures three behavioral dimensions: (i)~\textbf{creator diversity}, modeled via a clustering approach grounded in real platform creator-level distributions; (ii)~\textbf{behavioral fidelity}, captured through coupled creator-content state machines that represent growth trajectories, engagement accumulation, and graduation dynamics; and (iii)~\textbf{population-level validity}, measured by calibration against observed platform metrics. We evaluate simulative-configurations that vary content-viewership target definitions, reward functions, and a small-creator reserve lever to maximize creator-content recommendation equity. A floor-protected per content-view-target with a view-parity-gap reward guarantees 90\% of view targets being met by creators every week, grows small-creator organic reach ${\sim}{+}33\%$ per week, and achieves high distribution stability (set of creators with funded-views Jaccard $= 0.819$). We analyze the Sim2Real gap and propose validation protocols, contributing evidence for when simulation-derived fairness conclusions can be trusted.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38154

MASS: Multi-mask Selective Self-Distillation for Leakage-Resilient Reasoning

Xiuqi Liu, Oveys Delafrooz Noroozi, Upamanyu Madhow

原文摘要

On-policy self-distillation enables the same model to act as student and teacher, with dense token-level supervision obtained by the teacher being given access to privileged information. However, conditioning the teacher on a single reference can concentrate its predictions on one reasoning trajectory and limit transfer to the student. We propose Multi-Mask Selective Self-Distillation (MASS), which approximates the unavailable marginal over diverse reference realizations using multiple independently masked views of one verified solution. MASS aggregates these complementary teacher predictions, selectively transfers reliable token-level corrections, and adaptively focuses masking on influential reference spans. Across mathematical reasoning benchmarks and model families, MASS consistently outperforms strong self-distillation baselines.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38153

StepControl: Long-Horizon Human Motion Generation from Foot-Contact Schedules

Hojun Jang, Jinseok Bae, Donggeun Lim, Taesun Kim, Seungbin Jeong, Younghwan Lee, Yong Seok Kim, Young Min Kim

原文摘要

Controllable human motion generation has largely focused on specifying what action should occur or where the body should move. We study a complementary question: can full-body motion be controlled by specifying only when each foot contacts the ground? We introduce StepControl, an autoregressive diffusion model conditioned on a future binary left/right foot-contact schedule, without requiring target root and body poses, or semantic prompts. StepControl represents contact as explicit temporal events and injects them through dedicated cross-attention with classifier-free guidance. We further introduce a stochastic mixture noise schedule and warmup strategy for stable long-horizon autoregressive generation. Experiments show that StepControl follows prescribed contact timing more accurately than adapting existing spatially guided motion generators to contact constraints. It maintains effective contact control over long continuous rollouts and responds to edited schedules such as cadence changes, stop-and-go pauses, limping gaits, and bilateral jumping. Our results show that minimal foot-contact schedules provide an effective and intuitive temporal interface for controllable motion generation.

cs.CV

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38152

BridgeRouter: Gain-Aware Instance Routing over Cross-Modal Bridge Portfolios

Ruoxi Piao, Alicia Lu, Yunzhen Zhang, Mustafa Mısır, Hasan Onur Keleş

原文摘要

Lightweight representation bridges make pretrained, task-adapted EEG foundation models executable on other biosignal modalities without retraining their backbones. However, selecting a single bridge pathway globally assigns every instance to the same transfer route and ignores complementary errors across routes. We therefore formulate multi-bridge transfer as an instance-level algorithm-selection problem and introduce BridgeRouter, a gain-aware router over a portfolio of frozen cross-modal pathways. A validation-selected Single Best Solver (SBS) serves as a protected default route. During training, task labels are used to compute the reduction in negative log-likelihood provided by each alternative route relative to the SBS, and a lightweight MLP predicts these route-specific gains from a target-modality representation extracted by a frozen encoder. At inference, BridgeRouter observes only the target modality, requires neither EEG, task labels, nor predictions from all candidate routes, and executes exactly one bridge pathway: the route with the largest predicted gain when that gain exceeds a validation-calibrated threshold, and the SBS otherwise. We evaluate seven EEG foundation-model bridge pathways for EMG-based freezing-of-gait detection on FOG and ECG-based sleep classification on ISRUC. Across five seeds, BridgeRouter achieves $81.38\pm1.11\%$ balanced accuracy on FOG, improving over the BIOT SBS by $11.49$ percentage points, and $62.92\pm2.17\%$ on ISRUC, improving over the CBraMod SBS by $3.83$ points. Per-instance bridge oracles reach $99.96\%$ and $78.61\%$, respectively, revealing substantial remaining portfolio headroom. These results show that anchor-relative gain prediction can convert complementary cross-modal bridge behavior into deployable instance-level routing improvements while retaining single-route inference.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38151

Estimating Implicit Expected Log Density Ratios

Avi Amalanshu, Chandler Squires, Yizhou Lu, Pradeep Ravikumar

原文摘要

When exact probabilities cannot be computed, \emph{density ratio estimation (DRE)} is a key subroutine in the wide range of applications where density ratios appear, from experimental design to generative modelling and reinforcement learning. In this paper, we introduce the concept of an \emph{expected log density ratio (ELDR)}: log density ratios that are integrated under some third, possibly distinct measure. We show many problems with implicit densities where DRE is naïvely used are actually ELDR estimation tasks, and prove fundamental limitations on finite-sample ELDR estimation. Based on these results, we argue that the typical DRE-based approaches are unsuitable for ELDR estimation, and provide some foundational motivation towards bespoke ELDR estimators. To demonstrate, we propose a simple modification to some DRE methods that allows samples convergent to the integral distribution to appear in training data. We show through benchmarks that this can improve ELDR estimation error.

cs.LG · cs.AI · stat.ML

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38147

SkillCT: A Multidimensional Benchmark and Execution-Free Baseline for Agent Skill Assessment

Mengyu Sun, Zunlong Zhou, Ziyuan Yang, Yi Zhang

原文摘要

Agent skills package instructions, scripts, and resources for specialized tasks and are increasingly distributed through public Web repositories. However, existing skill benchmarks primarily focus on downstream task execution, insufficiently assessing specification quality, behavioral robustness, semantic alignment, and responsibility boundaries. Their reliance on task-specific tools, environments, and repeated executions limits scalability and pre-deployment assessment. To address these challenges, we introduce SkillCT, a benchmark that broadens skill assessment from downstream utility to a multidimensional characterization of skill quality. SkillCT evaluates skills across nine complementary dimensions spanning three aspects: Static Assessment, which captures intrinsic properties of the skill specification; Dynamic Assessment, which measures whether the induced behavior remains stable across backbone models and request variations; and Human-Assisted Assessment, which examines behavior-chain consistency and task granularity. These dimensions provide a broader view of skill quality than execution success. Applying SkillCT to a public skill corpus establishes a reference benchmark for analyzing quality weaknesses and relationships across dimensions. Building on this benchmark, we propose an execution-free quality evaluation baseline that predicts the multidimensional quality profiles of unseen skills by retrieving and leveraging similar reference skills, without executing the skills under evaluation. This reduces token consumption and evaluation time, while preserving consistency with the full assessment. Furthermore, SkillCT-guided optimization improves downstream task success and execution efficiency, demonstrating its value for skill refinement. These findings highlight the effectiveness of SkillCT in supporting scalable skill assessment, optimization, and repository maintenance.

cs.AI

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38146

Zero Trust-Enabled Adaptive Incident Response using Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning

Jisoo Lee, Bhagath Singh Bondili, Harshith Doppalapudi, Gwynith Godin, Nathaniel D. Bastian, Ankit Shah

原文摘要

Modern enterprises increasingly operate through complex information systems (IS) enabled by cloud computing, remote and hybrid work practices, and digitally integrated supply chains. These structural shifts have expanded organizational attack surfaces and weakened traditional perimeter-based trust assumptions, giving rise to new and persistent forms of cyber threats. In response, adversaries have shifted toward identity-centric, trust-based intrusion techniques that exploit legitimate access within organizational systems. This evolution has created a pronounced speed asymmetry, whereby attackers can adapt and act at machine speed while defenders remain constrained by reactive or rule-based incident response (IR) processes. Drawing on design science research, we propose ZT-AIR, an adaptive IR artifact that uses zero trust architecture as its design theory and hierarchical reinforcement learning as its kernel theory. ZT-AIR learns context-aware trust decisions, separates strategic prioritization from tactical execution, encodes zero-trust controls as actions, and jointly optimizes security effectiveness and operational continuity. Experimental results across diverse adversarial strategies, network scales, and defense environments show that ZT-AIR achieves a strong balance between security and continuity through frequent, minimally disruptive interventions. Practitioner validation further confirms the design's practical viability. This study contributes to IS research by extending computational design science from threat identification to response execution, theorizing zero trust architecture for adaptive IR, and deriving reusable design principles for adaptive decision support artifacts.

cs.CR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38145

El Agente Quntur: Agentic Active-Space Selection for CASSCF

Juan B. Pérez-Sánchez, Viviana Roman-Ventura, Olalla Nieto-Faza, Aiwei Yin, Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Varinia Bernales

原文摘要

Multireference calculations often require substantial human expertise and time to choose and refine an active space for the electronic states or chemical process of interest. This involves selecting which orbitals to include, verifying that the calculation describes the intended excited state, and deciding whether the results have converged. Here, we ask whether scientific agentic systems (harnesses) can make these decisions reliably. We use the El Agente Quntur multi-agent harness, with GPT-5.6 Sol and GPT-5.6 Terra as the underlying LLM components, to explore 32 diverse singlet excitations at fixed molecular geometries. The agents planned and executed calculations, choosing and refining active spaces under prompts that specified equal-weight two-singlet state-averaged CASSCF followed by strongly contracted NEVPT2 with def2-TZVPD. We evaluate excitation energies against published CASPT2 reference values at matching geometries and compare performance with six deterministic Active Space Finder protocols. Within the El Agente Quntur system, agents detect missing active orbitals, compare candidate excited states, and revise state assignments as calculations progress. Agentic execution reduced mean absolute error by 48\% relative to the state-of-the-art Active Space Finder protocol. We note that computational traces vary substantially across runs in both active space selection strategies and cost, even for the same molecule. Our results underscore the advantage of agentic active space selection over fixed workflows, yet leave room to improve efficiency through runtime-aware decision-making, reduced inter-agent communication overhead and redundancy, more systematic checks of state identity, and clearer stopping criteria.

physics.chem-ph · cs.MA

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38144

Decompose, Don't Expand: Capability-Independent AI Systems by Construction

Tejaswi Gowda

原文摘要

A recurring design choice in building AI systems is whether, when a task is too hard for a model, to expand the model (make it larger, better-prompted, fine-tuned), or to decompose the task (extract the parts that admit a deterministic solution to a host, leaving the model only the irreducibly fuzzy residue). We make three claims. First, that many tasks commonly delegated whole to a model are in fact deterministic tasks with a small generative core. Second, and our central empirical result, that decomposing such a task yields a measurable and desirable property we call parity by construction: on the extracted sub-tasks the model-size performance curve becomes flat, because no model performs them at all. We measure this across nine models spanning a 494M-parameter local checkpoint to a frontier Opus-class model, a thirty-fold parameter range on the local family alone: once the host resolves the context, operation selection scores identically for all nine models and selector resolution for eight of nine, while the one task that does not decompose, labelling, remains sloped across the same range. Because the task leaves the model, a stock checkpoint suffices: no task-specific training and no fine-tuning. Third, that this is a general design discipline, not a domain trick: we show the same move recurring across physics setup, motion retargeting, and object-model editing, and in a Web-CLI tool family (same author, so not an independent replication). We give a method for locating the cut, the construction that makes a cut exist (a deterministic surface and a closed grammar over it), and a way to make the residue safe (resolve the deterministic context; verify the generative output), position the work against neuro-symbolic AI, tool-augmented language models, and generate-and-verify approaches, and are explicit about what is measured (one domain) versus illustrative (the rest).

cs.AI · cs.HC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2607.08115

RadLoc: Radar-based 3-DoF Global Localization via Fast, Robust, and Lightweight Spatial Descriptor Across Diverse Environmental Scenarios

Hogyun Kim, Jiwon Choi, Jungwoo Lee, Younggun Cho

原文摘要

While global localization using spinning radar has gained attention for its robustness to adverse weather and challenging environments, many studies have focused on individual components such as place recognition or pose estimation. In this paper, we take a holistic view of radar sensor-based global localization and present RadLoc, a fast, robust, and lightweight end-to-end pipeline from place recognition to 3-DoF pose estimation. RadLoc accelerates pre-processing using 1D CA-CFAR filtering and leverages the near-range dominance in spinning radar images to design a compact descriptor and an efficient hierarchical coarse-to-fine retrieval strategy. Moreover, coupled with phase correlation-based 3-DoF pose estimation, it forms a versatile global localization module applicable to SLAM and multi-session SLAM systems. Extensive experiments on 15 sequences across 5 datasets demonstrate that RadLoc achieves robust performance while maintaining the smallest descriptor size and fastest retrieval time among state-of-the-art approaches. The supplementary materials are available at https://sparolab.github.io/research/radloc/.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38141

SKiD-SLAM: Resource-Aware Distributed Multi-Robot LiDAR SLAM for Planetary Missions with Field Deployments at Analog Sites

Hogyun Kim, Juwon Kim, Dongjin Cho, Jiwon Choi, Geonmo Yang, Seokhwan Jeong, Jiyun Lee, Miryeong Park 等 10 位作者

原文摘要

Future planetary exploration missions require teams of robots to collaboratively map unknown environments under severe communication limits, constrained onboard computation, and no central infrastructure. In this field report, we present SKiD-SLAM, a distributed multi-robot LiDAR simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system for such environments, and report its deployment across two mission concepts: cave exploration and scientific surface exploration. We survey the communication and computation budgets of actual planetary missions and select modules that fit these budgets for inter-robot place recognition, relative pose estimation, and distributed trajectory fusion. Before field deployment, we verify the assembled system on public datasets resembling planetary environments and in a simulator built on NASA JPL's Open Source Rover. We then validate SKiD-SLAM through field deployments in South Korea: a team of wheeled rovers explores the Majang lava-tube cave on Jeju Island, and quadruped robots carry out a crater-and-rock science scenario on a planetary analog terrain at the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) in Yeoncheon. Across both deployments, SKiD-SLAM reliably performed distributed multi-robot LiDAR SLAM within a 250 kbps inter-robot communication budget, demonstrating its feasibility under challenging field conditions. Supplementary materials, including code and field data, are available at https://sparolab.github.io/research/skid_slam/.

cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.30222

Parameters efficient language model with latent cross-attention for IoT intrusion detection

Frederic Adjewa, Moez Esseghir, Leila Merghem-Boulahia, Cheikh Kacfah

原文摘要

Language models have shown strong potential for intrusion detection, but their high memory and computational demands make them difficult to deploy in resource-constrained IoT environments. In this work, we propose a compact Transformer-based architecture that compresses the input into a small latent space before processing it with a minimal Transformer core. We analyze nine compression configurations, compare parameter sharing with layer stacking, and evaluate our approach against SecurityBERT on two IoT intrusion detection datasets, Edge-IIoTset and CICIoT2023. With only 306k non-embedding parameters and 1.6M parameters in total (6MB), our model is about 7x smaller than SecurityBERT (11.2M parameters, 45MB). With the same privacy-preserving encoding, it outperforms SecurityBERT by about 2 points of macro F1-score on Edge-IIoTset and is within 0.7 points on CICIoT2023. It is also about 89x faster on a simulated edge device. We further show that a single Transformer layer is sufficient, and that parameter sharing matches layer stacking with up to 66% fewer parameters. These findings show that lightweight Transformer-based architectures can provide a practical and accurate solution for intrusion detection in resource-constrained IoT settings

cs.CR

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38136

LogicTree: Object-Oriented Writing for Structured Human-AI Academic Authoring

Jiajun Zhu, Xinyu Cheng, Wenshuo Zhang, Huamin Qu, Yanna Lin

原文摘要

Academic writing is non-linear, iterative, and structure-driven, requiring authors to develop fragmented ideas into arguments with local coherence and global consistency. However, current AI-assisted tools primarily exchange linear prompts and free-form text, forcing authors to reconstruct generated logic and repeatedly verify its alignment with their structural intentions. We propose object-oriented writing (OOW), an OOD-inspired representation and interaction paradigm in which persistent writing objects serve as shared, manipulable referents for authors and AI. We instantiate OOW in LogicTree, an Overleaf-integrated prototype that combines a hierarchical object representation with a structure-grounded writing assistance module for author-initiated generation and issue-grounded revision and a structural logical review module for inspecting local coherence and global consistency. A within-subjects study (N=12) provides initial evidence that, in controlled academic writing tasks, LogicTree helps users structure ideas, reduces workload, and improves measured logical quality compared with a conversational baseline.

cs.HC

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38133

On Worst-Case Guarantees for Graph-Based Nearest-Neighbor Search

Majid Daliri, Mohammadreza Daneshvaramoli, Purna Dutta, Edo Liberty, Cameron Musco, Christopher Musco, Torsten Suel

原文摘要

Graph-based nearest neighbor search algorithms like HNSW, DiskANN, NSG, and others have surged in popularity in recent years due to their excellent empirical performance in comparison to space-partitioning methods like IVF data structures and Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH). However, in contrast to LSH and related methods, obtaining strong worst-case theoretical guarantees for graph-based search has proven challenging. In this paper, we prove a strong lower bound that helps explain the lack of progress towards such guarantees. We show that no standard graph-based method (any that runs a variant of greedy search on a flat or hierarchical graph) can achieve sublinear query time for approximate nearest neighbor search in Euclidean space, even for an arbitrarily large approximation factor. On the other hand, we prove that sublinear query time is possible if we allow for Steiner points in the search graph. We obtain bounds comparable to LSH, showing e.g., that graph-based search with Steiner points can solve $c$-approximate nearest neighbor search in Euclidean space with query time $\tilde{O}(n^{1/(c-1)})$. We complement this result with initial experiments exploring how Steiner points can be incorporated into practical graph-based methods.

cs.DS · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38130

Template-Free Dynamic Invariant Detection

Erfan Arvan, Michael D. Ernst, Martin Kellogg

原文摘要

A dynamic invariant detector proposes invariants, such as method pre- and postconditions, and rules out those that do not hold at run time. Traditional detectors propose invariants from a fixed library of templates, which limits their expressiveness. A large language model (LLM) can propose invariants instead of, or in addition to, template-derived ones. With the right prompt and context choices, we found that this idea can both improve the invariants' expressiveness and reduce the cost of inferring the invariants. Greater expressiveness brings complications: an LLM-proposed invariant can execute arbitrary code during invariant evaluation, causing side effects or infinite loops. Our novel instrumentation strategies mitigate these problems. We wrap each candidate and evaluate only one invariant per thread at a time, so nested invariant evaluations cannot trigger one another indefinitely. To recover from non-nested hangs, we monitor each run for stalls and retry it under a growing time budget. Because we cannot prove a candidate side-effect-free in advance, we use delta debugging over the invariants evaluated during a failing test to isolate and disable a side-effecting candidate without discarding the rest of the run. We compared our implementation, Oca, to the popular template-based Daikon invariant detector on real open-source Java projects. Oca produces more expressive invariants: on average, 28% of its held invariants call a project-specific method, which Daikon's templates cannot express. Its invariants are more often valid, with a false-positive rate of 18% in a manual inspection, vs. 76% for Daikon, and more useful: as properties for property-based testing, they exposed 9 of 25 real bugs, compared with 4 for Daikon. Oca also costs less, using 566 minutes and 27 GB of disk, compared with 2,817 minutes and 827 GB for Daikon.

cs.SE

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v3arXiv:2606.18932

TransitNet: A Compact Attention-Augmented Deep Learning Framework for Low-SNR Transit Blind Searches

Xingchen Yan, Jian Ge, Qingtian Liu, Kevin Willis, Quanquan Hu, Jiapeng Zhu

原文摘要

Motivated by the observational incompleteness of intermediate-to-long-period Earth-size planets, we present TransitNet, a compact attention-augmented deep-learning framework for low-SNR transit blind searches. To enable realistic method development and objective threshold calibration under blind-search conditions, we develop a unified dataset construction, benchmarking, and threshold-selection framework. On recovery benchmarks constructed from unseen Kepler targets, TransitNet attains 95.2 percent accuracy in the challenging SNR range of 6 to 8 and outperforms both TLS and BLS, achieving ROC-AUC and PR-AP values of 0.974 and 0.982, respectively. In an injected Earth-size and sub-Earth-size transit recovery experiment, TransitNet achieves a recovery rate of 93.0 percent, substantially exceeding those of TLS (63.1 percent) and BLS (60.0 percent). In addition to detection, TransitNet provides attention-based estimates of transit windows and midpoints. On an independent evaluation set, 97.4 percent of injected transits are fully covered by the estimated transit window. Applied to real Kepler observations, the model successfully recovers all 34 selected confirmed Kepler planets, with a mean absolute transit midpoint error of 1.24 hours. The model combines a compact footprint of about 1.5 MB with high inference efficiency, yielding speed-ups of about 12 to 25 times relative to CPU-TLS and about 4 to 5 times relative to CPU-BLS. These results demonstrate that TransitNet provides an accurate, scalable, and computationally efficient framework for low-SNR transit blind searches in the tested regime and motivate its extension to longer-period Earth-size planet searches.

astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.IM · cs.AI · cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.36835

Joint Distributional Copula Regression for Insurance Claim Frequency and Severity via Boosting

Banghee So, Na Zhang

原文摘要

In this paper, we introduce a model-based boosting approach for fitting structured additive distributional copula regression models for bivariate responses, with particular emphasis on jointly modeling insurance claim frequency and severity. The approach uses regression-type base learners, such as linear terms and splines with low degrees of freedom. It builds on generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), which extend generalized additive models (GAMs) by allowing multiple distributional parameters, rather than only the conditional mean, to depend on covariates. The structured additive predictors make the model inherently interpretable, offering greater transparency and auditability than black-box approaches. These features are particularly relevant in regulated actuarial settings and applications requiring explainable artificial intelligence. By estimating the entire conditional joint distribution, the framework also enables insurance practitioners to examine conditional quantiles, tail behavior, and prediction intervals of risks. The copula component captures dependence between claim frequency and severity and allows practitioners to investigate how this dependence varies with policyholder characteristics, potentially improving predictive performance. Moreover, by incorporating modern machine-learning techniques, specifically boosting, the proposed model improves prediction accuracy while retaining interpretability. We assess the proposed framework using both simulated and real data. The results demonstrate its ability to recover the true covariate effects on the marginal distributional parameters and the dependence structure, select informative variables, and achieve predictive performance competitive with standard benchmark models. We also illustrate how to interpret the fitted model.

stat.ML · cs.LG · stat.ME

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
版本更新 · v2arXiv:2610.19731

What Happens to the Goal? Distinct Failures of Policy Alignment in Goal Misgeneralization

Julia Barth, Armin Sommer, Kunvar Thaman, Jannik Schilling

原文摘要

Goal misgeneralization is a common failure mode in which an agent behaves competently out of distribution but pursues a proxy that coincided with the intended goal during training instead of the goal itself. However, we still have a weak understanding of what happens to the intended goal in misgeneralizing agents and what enables them to be recovered without retraining. We study this across eight visual navigation and manipulation tasks, including robot control. While tracing where goal information remains available internally, how strongly it influences the policy, and what role it plays in action selection, we uncover that the goal is lost at one of three different depths. This depth predicts which recovery works in each task. When the goal is followed, but outcompeted by the proxy, steering the existing policy redirects it to the goal's location, raising goal reach from 16.0% to 95.3%. When it is read, but not followed, steering fails, but a lightweight new downstream wiring recovers goal reach from 31.6% to 84.3%. When it is not read, none of the methods work, as the policy does not use the goal information. The same tracing also reveals what replaces the goal: functional target substitution, where behavior follows an alternative goal, a policy shortcut, where behavior follows a learned action strategy, or cue competition between intended and proxy goal cues. Knowing where the goal is lost tells us whether an agent can be repaired or has to be retrained. Goal misgeneralization should therefore be studied and evaluated inside the agent, not only from its behavior.

cs.LG · cs.AI · cs.RO

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38127

A Separation Principle for Adversarial Attacks and Defense of Graph Neural Networks

Farid Mafi, Saber Jafarpour, Mohammad Pirani

原文摘要

Adversarial attacks on graph neural networks (GNNs) have been studied as a model-centric optimization problem driven by gradients, learned policies, or meta-learning, with the graph treated as a passive substrate. This view overlooks a defining feature of GNNs: their predictions are produced by structured message passing along the graph, so their adversarial vulnerabilities are encoded as much in the geometry of the graph as in the learned weights. We develop a structure-driven framework for feature attacks in which the attack is derived from the spectral properties of the normalized adjacency operator. Its central result is a separation principle: under a natural relaxation of the attack objective, the optimal feature perturbation is rank one and factorizes into a graph-dependent component (degree-proportional spatial allocation, depending only on the graph) and a weight-dependent component (top singular vector of the composed weights, depending only on the weights). Node degree thus emerges as the fundamental graph quantity governing adversarial vulnerability to feature perturbations. The resulting attack, which we call SepAttack, requires no gradient computation, carries analytical guarantees, achieves competitive or superior performance against established baselines such as Nettack and IG-Attack with up to ${\sim}70\times$ speedup in the targeted setting, and transfers near-perfectly across architectures on continuous-feature graphs because its graph-dependent component is architecture-invariant by construction. We further derive a separation-principle adversarial training procedure (SepAT) directly from the closed-form worst-case attack and report robustness gains on binary-feature benchmarks.

cs.LG

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arXiv ↗PDF ↗
新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38126

Answer-Only Disclosure: Private-Context LLM Assistance over Web APIs with a Leakage Ledger

Liang Yuan, Xiaohu Du, Ruikun Luo, Jinze Wang, Mashud Rana, Kaibin Wang, Jiangwen Zhou, Bo Li 等 9 位作者

原文摘要

Web assistants increasingly answer questions about a user's private documents by pairing a small on-device model with a cloud LLM behind a Web API. In collaborative decoding, the document stays on the client, and the cloud receives only a public view that the user approves, such as the question alone, but the two models exchange messages while the answer is generated. We show that the message transcript can disclose private content that neither the public view nor the answer contains. In a planted-secret audit, speculative decoding with private drafts did not include the secret code in its answers, yet sent the code to the cloud in rejected drafts. We present ADLER, a decoding protocol for streaming LLM APIs in which every message to the cloud depends only on the public view and the answer the user sees, regardless of how the client combines the two models or how the cloud behaves. A client-side leakage ledger then bounds how much the answer itself reveals relative to a public reference process built from the cloud's replies. In the audit, no ADLER configuration exposed the secret beyond the answer. On GSM8K math problems with numerical values masked in the cloud's input, ADLER with an unlimited leakage budget raises the exact-match accuracy of a 0.5B client from 0.41 to 0.83 and of a 1.5B client from 0.67 to 0.85 under lenient answer parsing, close to the 0.92 achieved by uploading the full problem. It also exceeds a zero-leakage program baseline (0.69) by 0.14 and 0.16, respectively. In this baseline, the cloud writes a program that the client runs offline using the private numbers. The ledger records the disclosure charge associated with this gain; budgets of 16 nats or less leave accuracy near the cloud-only baseline on GSM8K.

cs.CR · cs.AI

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38125

Minimum-Time Escape from the Conic Field of View of a Reeds--Shepp Pursuer: the Faster Evader

Ubaldo Ruiz

原文摘要

We continue the study of minimum-time escape of an omnidirectional evader from the forward conic field of view of a Reeds--Shepp pursuer, now for a faster evader, and solve the game for every speed ratio $ν>1$ and every half-angle $0<α<π/2$: the escape time is characterized by explicit characteristics and the selection of roots of a scalar equation, and it is the value of the game in nonanticipative strategies at every state. Above the end $E$ of the evader's dispersal line on the front axis, the evader chases the reversing pursuer along a universal line fed by tributaries. The characteristic from the boundary of the usable part is an involute of a circle of radius $ν$ ending at a cusp, and two explicit thresholds decide whether it reaches the axis before the cusp and whether the jump of the escape time across it ends before the cusp or runs to it; in the latter case primaries fold back next to the barrier. The pursuer's optimal strategy is the relay of the slower case. The evader follows the tributaries and switches once to a primary, or commits in advance to a heading certified by the scalar equation of the primaries. Level-set and semi-Lagrangian computations are compared with the value.

cs.RO · math.OC

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38122

MiniMMD: Minimization of MMD for Sampling, Inference and Integration

Zonghao Chen

原文摘要

Many problems in computational statistics and machine learning can be formulated as approximating a target distribution by minimizing a discrepancy over a restricted class of candidate distributions. This minimum-discrepancy viewpoint appears, for example, in numerical integration, sampling, generative modelling, and statistical inference, but these instances are often studied separately in the literature. This thesis develops the first unified treatment of these many problems through the minimization of the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD), a kernel-based discrepancy between probability measures. The central theme is that MMD is not only a statistically meaningful distance between probability distributions, but also a tractable optimization objective to design practical and efficient algorithms. This thesis summarizes the recent theoretical and empirical advancements of such minimum-MMD based algorithms.

stat.ML · cs.LG

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38121

What Does LOL Measure? Hidden Label Shifts in Low-Light Enhancement Benchmarks

Adityan Thirumani Srinivasan

原文摘要

LOL-v1 and LOLv2-Real are the standard benchmarks for supervised low-light image enhancement, and several leading methods ship hand-set test-time adjustments with their evaluation scripts. We audit both benchmarks with 18 public checkpoints of eight methods under one metric implementation that reproduces every published number to within 0.09 dB, and find that their test labels differ from their training labels. (i) The 15 LOL-v1 test labels are rendered differently: the same captures appear in LOLv2 with labels of identical luminance but 1.48x lower saturation, and LOL-v1's own training labels match the LOLv2 rendering; we confirm this on the official release. (ii) The LOLv2-Real test set is the contiguous block of images 690-789, whose labels are 14% darker than the training labels (Cliff's delta = -0.45, p < 1e-12) with no comparable shift in the input statistics we examined; methods trained without any labels score up to 5.5 dB higher on test than on train. (iii) All 15 LOL-v1 test inputs reappear in LOLv2-Real, 12 in its training set. The released test-time settings are consistent with compensating for these shifts. Separating what can be calibrated on training data from what only test-set tuning finds, the test-only residual has median 0.00 dB on LOLv2-Syn, which has no shift, but 0.37 dB on LOL-v1 and 0.92 dB on LOLv2-Real (up to 3.9 dB). Under the shift, test-set checkpoint selection inflates a from-scratch model by 0.9-2.0 dB, and removing the released settings changes which method ranks first. We give concrete reporting recommendations.

cs.CV · cs.LG · eess.IV

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38120

Post-Training Large Language Models with LLMON

Basel Shbita, Michael Hind, Chad DeLuca, Nathan Fulton, Shubhi Asthana, Farhan Ahmed, Anisa Halimi, Yada Zhu 等 11 位作者

原文摘要

Large Language Models (LLMs) treat all context tokens uniformly, lacking explicit separation between executable instructions and passive data. This leads to prompt injection vulnerabilities, ambiguous instruction binding, and unreliable execution control. We present a post-training methodology using LLMON (LLM Object Notation), a framework that enables separating instructions from data and requires explicit identifier-based execution. We construct a large-scale structured training corpus of 4.6B tokens spanning general, RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation), and tool-calling data, augmented with distractor-infused variants in which competing instructions and irrelevant data segments are present in context but not referenced. Post-training two Granite-4.1 base models (3B and 8B) through supervised fine-tuning followed by reinforcement learning, we show that LLMON-structured supervision reduces attack success rates on indirect prompt-injection benchmarks from 53-100% to 0.02-5.6% while preserving general capabilities. We further introduce attention-based interpretability metrics that diagnose failure modes at individual transformer layers for structured inputs, revealing how our approach reshapes internal attention patterns. Our results demonstrate that explicit execution semantics can be taught through standard post-training without architectural modification.

cs.AI · cs.LG

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版本更新 · v3arXiv:2506.05994

RETENTION: Resource-Efficient Tree-Based Ensemble Model Acceleration with Content-Addressable Memory

Yi-Chun Liao, Chieh-Lin Tsai, Yuan-Hao Chang, Camélia Slimani, Jalil Boukhobza, Tei-Wei Kuo

原文摘要

Although deep learning has demonstrated remarkable capability in learning from unstructured data, modern tree-based ensemble models remain superior in extracting relevant information and learning from structured datasets. While several efforts have been made to accelerate tree-based models, the inherent characteristics of the models pose significant challenges for conventional accelerators. Recent research leveraging content-addressable memory (CAM) offers a promising solution for accelerating tree-based models, yet existing designs suffer from excessive memory consumption and low utilization. This work addresses these challenges by introducing RETENTION, an end-to-end framework that significantly reduces CAM capacity requirement for tree-based model inference. We propose an iterative pruning algorithm with a novel pruning criterion tailored for bagging-based models (e.g., Random Forest), which minimizes model complexity while ensuring controlled accuracy degradation. Additionally, we present a tree mapping scheme that incorporates two innovative data placement strategies to alleviate the memory redundancy caused by the widespread use of don't care states in CAM. Experimental results show that implementing the tree mapping scheme alone reduces CAM capacity requirement by $1.46\times$ to $21.30 \times$, while the full RETENTION framework achieves $4.35\times$ to $207.12\times$ reduction with less than 3\% accuracy loss. These results demonstrate that RETENTION is highly effective in minimizing CAM resource demand, providing a resource-efficient direction for tree-based model acceleration.

cs.LG · cs.AR · cs.ET

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38118

FPGAFly: A 166.7k-Neuron Fruit-Fly Connectome on One FPGA via Deferred Spike Expansion and Shared-Codeword States

YE Ziyang

原文摘要

Synapse-resolution fruit-fly (Drosophila) connectomes enable neuron-by-neuron simulation of entire insect nervous systems, yet whole-brain models still require computationally demanding software or multiple neuromorphic chips, and single FPGAs support only small or statistical networks. Scaling to the full connectome, per-synapse spike expansion scales queue traffic with fan-out up to 11.2k, while 41-bit neuron states require 6.83 Mbit, exceeding the 6.27 Mbit on-chip block static RAM (BSRAM) of the target device. FPGAFly runs the 166.7k-neuron, 25.6M-connection leaky integrate-and-fire male central nervous system (CNS) connectome on one FPGA. Order-preserving deferred expansion queues one 64-bit descriptor per spike in source-ID order, cutting external memory traffic by 54.5%-57.9% and peak queue data by 95.6%-96.5% with bit-identical results. A 24-bit encoding shares codewords across normal, refractory, and quantized out-of-range states, reducing BSRAM usage from 438 to 270 with 1245 extra LUTs and zero changes across 10,000 MNIST predictions. At 80 MHz on a Gowin GW5AST-LV138, each 100 ms window finishes in 86.83 ms on average and within 93.05 ms across 2000 tests, realizing the first complete Drosophila CNS connectome simulation on one FPGA.

cs.NE · cs.AR

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38117

Too Hard, Too Easy, Just Right: Performance-Driven Challenge Adaptation in Virtual Reality Firefighter Training

Xuan Wang, Jianan Jiang, Rongqian Chen, Tian Lan, Bin Li

原文摘要

Effective firefighter training requires practice under dynamic and stressful emergency conditions, yet real-world live-fire exercises are costly, risky, and difficult to scale. Virtual Reality (VR) offers a safe and controllable alternative, but many existing VR firefighter training systems rely on fixed scenarios or provide limited difficulty adaptation, making it difficult to maintain an appropriate level of challenge for skill development as trainees' performance changes over time. To address this limitation, we present ProACT, a performance-driven adaptive training system that regulates scenario difficulty through closed-loop interactions between trainee performance and simulated fire dynamics. Specifically, ProACT combines a global module that continuously adjusts scene-level fire spread dynamics in real time based on trainee performance with a local module that periodically updates object-level flammability across the environment. Our evaluation shows that ProACT improves both objective training performance and subjective user experience compared with existing adaptive and non-adaptive baselines. We further discuss how adaptive immersive environments can extend beyond firefighting to broader training domains.

cs.AI

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版本更新 · v2arXiv:2606.31689

ScratchWorld: Evaluating If World Models Compute Executable Consequences

Yufeng Lin, Jialu Zhang

原文摘要

Evaluations of world models commonly score a predicted future state by its overlap with the ground truth. Yet in interactive worlds, this rewards copying: a model that merely preserves persistent state appears accurate without predicting any consequence of an action. We introduce ScratchWorld, an execution-grounded diagnostic benchmark that treats Scratch projects as executable worlds and derives every label from replay on a pinned Scratch VM, including next-state transitions, hidden variables, causal traces, and counterfactual outcomes. Its primary metric, value-aware changed-field F1 ($F_1^{\mathrm{VA}}$), credits a prediction only when it names a changed field and computes its executed value. Model-free anchors make the confound explicit: a no-change prior attains 91.4% full-state field accuracy on synthetic long-horizon items and 0% changed-field credit on non-empty one-step items, whereas VM replay attains 100% wherever the corresponding metric is defined. Across seven frontier LLMs prompted as world models, state-only $F_1^{\mathrm{VA}}$ reaches at most 30.0% on controlled synthetic mechanisms and declines steeply as projects approach real-world complexity. Revealing the full program raises every model's value-aware score by 22.3-51.7 points and substantially reorders the models, yet the best reaches only 55.4%, an execution gap that persists even with the rules visible. Auxiliary diagnostics complete the error profile: causal-event accuracy remains within 2.5 points of the 50% no-event baseline, with no correct exact chain; counterfactual prediction trades changed-outcome accuracy against invariance; hidden-state accuracy degrades roughly twice as fast as full-state overlap over long horizons. In a word, ScratchWorld separates what a model knows about the rules from what it can actually execute.

cs.SE

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38114

Output-Sensitive Enumeration of Maximal Closed Substrings in Linear Space

Johannes Fischer, Dominik Köppl

原文摘要

We revisit the output-sensitive enumeration of maximal closed substrings (MCSs). Given a string of length $n$ over an integer alphabet, let $k$ denote its number of MCS occurrences. We combine a right-to-left sweep on the string with range-successor queries to obtain all MCSs with two deterministic word-RAM bounds: for any fixed $\varepsilon>0$, we can report all MCSs in $O(n\sqrt{\log n}+k\log^\varepsilon n)$ time using $O(n)$ words of space, or in $O(n\sqrt{\log n}+k\log\log n)$ time using $O(n\log\log n)$ words. Both bounds include preprocessing and report occurrences by their endpoints. In particular, these algorithms improve the known $O(n\log n)$ worst-case time bound for sufficiently small output.

cs.DS

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新论文 · v1arXiv:2610.38113

Beauty Is Human: When People Love AI-Generated Art, They Think a Human Made It

Zihan Chen, Di Zhu, Lei Nico Zheng

原文摘要

Generative AI now produces images and poems that people cannot reliably distinguish from human-made work, so people often judge for themselves who made a work. We examine how these perceived-authorship judgments relate to aesthetic preference. In a public online AI Art Turing Test, 11,123 people judged whether each of 50 pictures (26 AI-generated) was made by a human and were asked for their favourite. Among the 9,152 respondents who judged their favourite, a picture was 22.1 percentage points more likely to be judged human-made when it was the respondent's favourite, holding respondent and picture fixed. The association was similar for AI-generated and human-made favourites, was positive for all 50 pictures, and appeared under every reported detection strategy. Respondents most negative about AI art chose fewer AI-generated favourites (47% against 60% among the most positive) but more often believed them human-made, partly because others also judged those pictures human. As a result, in every opinion group a third to two fifths of respondents named an AI-generated favourite they believed human-made. A reanalysis of a published experiment on AI-generated poetry, in which 230 people rated each poem before judging its authorship, found the same pattern, although the AI poems were rated higher. When provenance is hidden, liking and perceived human authorship travel together, consistent with aesthetic response serving as evidence of a human maker and with beliefs about the maker shaping enjoyment. The findings qualify research on bias against AI art, which typically uses explicit labels, and inform AI disclosure policy.

cs.HC · cs.AI · cs.CY

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